Chapter 6 Powerpoint

Question 1

What is a naked machine

Answer 1

A machine that has no tools or programs to help the user

Question 2

What type of tools or programs does a non- naked machine have

Answer 2

• Write instructions in binary
• Write data in binary
• Load instructions into memory one cell at a time
• Initiate program run

Question 3

What were the problems with using a naked machine

Answer 3

It quickly became too difficult for humans to do. An interface had to be developed to hide the details and make the computer easier to build.

Question 4

What is System software

Answer 4

A collection of programs to manage resources of the computer and to serve as an intermediary between user and hardware

Question 5

What does system software create

Answer 5

A virtual machine or a virtual environment that the user sees.

Question 6

What is an operating system considered

Answer 6

The single most important piece of software on the computer

Question 7

What are the components of an operating system

Answer 7

The user interface
Memory managers
i/0 Systems
Utilities
Language services
Information Managers
Scheduler

Question 8

What is the general function of system software

Answer 8

• Communicates with users
• Determines what they want
• Activates other system programs, applications, packages or user programs

Question 9

Describe characteristics of language services within the system software

Answer 9

Language services support high level languages

Question 10

Describe characteristics of memory managers within the system software

Answer 10

Memory managers allocate memory to programs

Question 11

Describe characteristics of Information managers within the system software

Answer 11

Information managers organize mass storage

Question 12

Describe characteristics of scheduler managers within the system software

Answer 12

Scheduler manages programs waiting to run

Question 13

What are some utilities inside of system software

Answer 13

Tools including program libraries

Question 14

What is a gui

Answer 14

A visual interface to the virtual machine including operating system and system programs and user programs.

Question 15

What various devices do the I/O systems communicate with

Answer 15

Printers
Scanners
Keyboards
Mice

Question 16

What are the 5 functions of a virtual machine

Answer 16

1) write program using text editor in high-level language
2) save program to folder
3) use translator to convert to binary
4) Use scheduler to load and run
5) use I/0 system to print results

Question 17

What is the other name for low level programming language

Answer 17

Assembly language

Question 18

What are the properties of assembly language

Answer 18

• Instructions map one-to-one to machine language
• Symbolic op codes (not binary)
• Symbolic addresses for instructions and data
• Pseudo-ops for data generation and more (data in human-friendly terms)

Question 19

What are two advantages of assembly language over machine code

Answer 19

• Clarity, readability and maintainability

* Can be placed at different locations in memory

Question 20

What are some examples of High level programming languages

Answer 20

Java, C++, Python

Question 21

What are the advantages of high level programming languages over assembly language

Answer 21

• More powerful: One high level instruction may provide multiple machine instructions
• User oriented
• Not Machine Specific
• Use both natural language and mathematical notation

Question 22

What is the assembly language process

Answer 22

1. The source program (assembly language)
2. Translated by the assembler to
3. object program
4. loader places in memory
5. Hardware runs
6. Results

Question 23

Are comments in assembly language processed by the assembler

Answer 23

Comments are ignored by the assembler- they’re for human use

Question 24

What does pseudo-op commands in the (assembly language) program do

Answer 24

Commands in the program directed to the assembler, not converted to machine instructions.

Question 25

What is the function of the assembler in relation to assembly language

Answer 25

Converts symbolic op codes to binary equivalents Converts symbolic labels to memory addresses Performs pseudo-op Writes object file containing machine instructions

Question 26

What is the function of the loader in relation to the assembly language

Answer 26

Places instructions in memory | Triggers the hardware to run the program

Question 27

How does assembler convert symbolic op codes to binary ones

Answer 27

Assembler maintains a table Assembler looks up the symbolic op codes in the table and substitutes the binary analogue Use binary search to optimize table lookups

Question 28

When converting symbolic labels to memory addresses using assembly language how many passes does the assembler need

Answer 28

Assembler needs two passes - needs to look over assembly code two times

Question 29

What occurs on the first pass of the assembler

Answer 29

* Keeps a count of how many instructions from the start | * Collects symbolic labels and add to symbol table along with location counter

Question 30

What occurs on the second pass of the assembler

Answer 30

* Looks up and replace op codes * Substitutes label references with location from symbol table * Sets up .DATA pseudo-ops with location and binary value * Writes instructions to object file

Question 31

What are system commands

Answer 31

User instructions about what the computer should do

Question 32

What are typical operating system commands

Answer 32

Load a program Run a program Save information in a file or a directory Retrieve a file previously stored List all the files for this user Delete or rename a file Print a file on a specified I/O device Copy a file from one I/O device to another Establish a network connection Let user set or change a password Tell how much memory or data storage is being used

Question 33

Describe the function of a user interface in an operating system

Answer 33

User communicates with an operating system

Question 34

Describe the text based functions of an operating system

Answer 34

System commands typed at a prompt in a terminal | Command language must be learned

Question 35

Describe the GUI-based functions of an operating system

Answer 35

System commands by a visual /mouse interface

Question 36

What is the built in system security and protection in an operating system

Answer 36

Permit only authorized access to resources. Uses operating system as a security guard

Question 37

How is access to the operating systems resources regulated

Answer 37

Access is protected by usernames and passwords. Superusers have more privileges Encrypt data to increase security

Question 38

What is another way that access is regulated in relation to folders and files

Answer 38

Both folders and files have authorization lists that allow a user to read a file, add new information to a file, change existing information and delete a file

Question 39

What are the three permissions that a file or folder can have

Answer 39

Read Write Execute

Question 40

What is the "receptionist" in an operating system

Answer 40

User interface management

Question 41

What is the "security guard" in an operating system

Answer 41

Control of access to system and data files

Question 42

What is the "dispatcher" in an operating system

Answer 42

Program scheduling activation

Question 43

What is the "efficiency expert" in an operating system

Answer 43

Efficient resource allocation

Question 44

What is the "traffic officer" in an operating system

Answer 44

Deadlock and error detection

Question 45

When does a deadlock occur

Answer 45

A deadlock occurs when multiple programs are requesting the resources that each one is currently using.

Question 46

What is an example of a safe use of resources

Answer 46

Ensuring that the computer doesn't get stuck in deadlock

Question 47

What is deadlock prevention

Answer 47

If you cannot get all of the resources then release all that you have and try again later

Question 48

What is deadlock recovery

Answer 48

If no acknowledgement, send message again

Question 49

Describe the historical development of operating systems: First Generation (nearly) "naked computer"

Answer 49

Programmer hand loaded programs

Question 50

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Second Generation "batch operating systems"

Answer 50

Programmers gave programs to operators Operators collected a "batch" of programs Job control language: Instructions to OS

Question 51

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Third Generation: Multiprogrammed operating systems

Answer 51

Multiple programs loaded at once Switch between programs when I/O happens Computer Security now required

Question 52

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Third generation: Time-sharing system

Answer 52

Multiprogrammed, but users are on the system interactively. Users need an illusion of sole access Allocate run times in time slices - each program runs until I/O OR time runs out

Question 53

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Fourth Generation: Network Operating System

Answer 53

Operating system supports all the same local services | Also supports services that access resources that are available over a network

Question 54

What are some examples of services that access resources that are available over a network

Answer 54

Shared printer Servers: email, data, web Connections to the internet

Question 55

What are real-time operating systems or embedded systems

Answer 55

Special-purpose computers in other equipment

Question 56

Describe the historical development of operating systems: Fifth Generation

Answer 56

Multimedia interfaces Parallel Processing System Distributed Computing Environment

Question 57

What is an example of multimedia interfaces

Answer 57

Integrate images, speech and video seamlessly

Question 58

What is the function of a parallel processing system

Answer 58

Performs multimedia and to permit larger scale tasks

Question 59

What is the function of distributed computing environments

Answer 59

Users don't know where resources are stored

Question 60

What is an example of Distributed Computing Environment

Answer 60

Cloud computing