Chapter 6: Programming Languages

Question 1

First generation of programming languages

Answer 1

• First generation: pure machine languages (machine code)

Question 2

Second generation: assembly languages

• Assembler:

Answer 2

• A mnemonic system for representing machine instructions:
  mnemonic names for op-codes
  descriptive names for memory locations (variables) chosen by the programmer
• One to one correspondence between machine instructions and assembly instructions
• Inherently machine-dependent
• Assembler: convert assembly language to machine language

Question 3

Third generation languages

Compiler:

• Early examples:

Answer 3

• Uses high level primitives
• Machine independent (mostly)
• Each primitive corresponds to a sequence of machine language instructions
• Compiler: converts third generation language to machine language
• Early examples: Fortran, Cobol

Question 4

Programming paradigms

Answer 4

• Functional: basic building blocks: functions
• Object-oriented: basic building block: objects
• Imperative: basic building block: procedures
• Declarative, for example:
  
  • logic programming: basic building block: logical formulas

Question 5

Primitive data types

Answer 5

• Integer: whole numbers signed/unsigned
• Float: numbers with fractions
• Characters: symbols, 8/16 bits
• Boolean: True/False

Question 6

What is array (data structure)

Answer 6

An array is a block of data where all elements are of the same type

Question 7

What is aggregate type (data structure)

Answer 7

It’s a block of data where different elements can have different types

Question 8

What is a variable?

Answer 8

En variabel är ett namngivet utrymme i primärminnet.

It’s a named location in primary memory, which can store a value.

Question 9

What is a literal?

Answer 9

It’s a value of some type for example: 3.14

Question 10

What is a constant?

Answer 10

It’s a named literal for example: const PI = 3.14;

Question 11

Procedural units?

Answer 11

• Subprogram, subroutine, procedure, function, method, predicate
• Used to simplify program development by abstraction

Question 12

Translation process

Answer 12

• Step 1:
  Source Program
  Step 2:
  Lexical Analyzer: categorizes the codes into tokens
  Step 3:
  Parser: Builds data structure or abstract syntax tree
  Step 4:
  Code Generator: Turns into machine language

Question 13

Object oriented programming

• Class:
• Object:
• Features:

Answer 13

• Class:
  template from which objects are constructed
  includes descriptions of both variables and methods (functions)
• Object:
  active program unit containing both data and code;
  called a instance of the class, from which it is constructed
• Features:
  Inheritance
  Encapsulation
  Polymorphism

Question 14

Concurrent programming

• Parallel processing:
• Thread:

Answer 14

• Concurrent programming: simultaneous execution of multiple processes
• Parallel processing: parallel execution of multiple processes, which requires multiple CPU cores
• Thread: concurrent/parallel execution path within the same program/process

Question 15

Logic Programming

Answer 15

• Program consists of logical formulas (statements) in the form of rules and facts
• There is no distinction between code and data
• Built-in deduction engine using a derivation technique called resolution
• Answer question whether a fact is a logical consequence of the program or not