Human Sexuality > Chapter 6: Sexual Development > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sexual Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic Sex?

A
  • set at fertilization
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2
Q

Jost’s study with rabbits revealed what about genetic sex?

A
  • female development is the default pathway
  • removal of the ovaries = no change in development
  • removal of testicles = development into females
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3
Q

Sex is usually determined by the presence of what gene located on the Y chromosome?

A
  • SRY gene
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4
Q

SRY Gene:

- Any embryo that possesses at least one _ chromosome will develop into a male (with some exceptions)

A
  • Y
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5
Q 
Atypical Development: 
1. Turner's Syndrome?
L> issue with?
L> physical appearance ?
L> cognitive deficits?
L> first indicator?
L> treatment?
A
  1. single x chromosome or a truncated portion of an c chromosome
    L> physically— shrunken ovaries, no gland or hormones, short stature, some other etc …
    L> cogntiive deficits: visuospatial difficulties, memory and attention probs
    L> webbed neck = first indicator
    L> treatment= GH, androgens and estrogen
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6
Q 
Atypical Development: 
2. Klinefelter's Syndrome 
- location of issue?
- physical symptoms? 
L> when do they become full blown?
- endocrinological flaws?
A
  • single Y chromosome, multi x…ex XXY
  • gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in males)
  • feminine body contours, sparse facial hair and body hair
  • full syndrome at puberty
  • low testosterone levels
  • sperm count is too low for normal fertility
  • no sex drive
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7
Q

The SYR gene and others direct the development of the ___.

A

gonads

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8
Q

SYR gene and others directing gonads:

1. Sexual differentiation in both/one sex involves both ___ and ___.

A
  • both

- gene activation and suppression

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9
Q

SYR gene and others directing gonads:

2. At five weeks post-conception, male embryos begin to what?

A
  • express the SRY gene
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10
Q

SYR gene and others directing gonads:

3. Explain the product of the SYR gene

A
  • transcription factor that turns on other genes such as SOX9 which directs and maintains testicular development
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11
Q

SYR gene and others directing gonads:

4. FOXL2???

A
  • located on the X chromosome , it suppresses SOX9 and the development of testicles
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12
Q

The male and female reproductive tracts develop from similar or different precursors?

A
  • different
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13
Q

The male reproductive tract develops from ___;whereas, the female reproductive tract develops from the ____.

A
  • Wolffian Ducts

- Mullerian

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14
Q

Are both the wolffian and mullerian ducts present in both sexes?

A
  • YES
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15
Q

In males the mullerian duct is suppressed by what?

A
  • anti-Mullerian hormone
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16
Q

Testosterone from the Leydig cells begins being produced at ___ weeks and peaks at - weeks, directing the development of the Wolffian ducts.

A
  • 8 weeks

- 12-16 weeks

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17
Q

Male and female external genitalia develop from the same or different precursors?

A
  • SAME

- homologous - having a common origin / precursors

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18
Q

List which structures of the external genitalia are homologous with each other across sexes.

A
  1. scrotum - labia majora
  2. shaft of penis - labia minora
  3. glans of penis - glans of clitoris
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19
Q

Do female or male genitalia develop by default?

A
  • female
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20
Q

Does removal of the ovaries change the process of development when it comes to being female?

A
  • no
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21
Q

In male fetuses, testosterone is required/or not required for regular development of the genitalia?

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A
  • it is required

- developing genitalia express androgen receptors and 5alpha-reductase ( which converts T to DHT)

22
Q

Atypical Development:

  1. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ? (CAH)
    - reduced production of?
    - excessive growth of ?
    - excessive production of?
    - What happens to XX individuals?
    - Brain Masculinization ?
    - treatment?
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A
  • reduced production of steroids form the adrenal cortex
  • excessive growth of adrenal cortex (compensation mech of body)
  • excessive adrogen production
  • XX individuals are partially masculinized during fetal and postnatal development (enlarged clitoris, partially fused labia majora)
  • brain masculinization:
    L> behaviour is more male like in terms of preferences for toys aggressive play etc… higher incidence of sexual attraction to women (37%)
  • surgical correction
  • life long administration of corticosteroids.
23
Q

When comparing Boys, girls and girls with CAH…how is time divided among boy toys and girl toys?

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A
  • boys and CAH girls are fairly close when playing with boy toys.(girls are lower)
  • boys and CAH girls are similarly on the low end of playtime with girl toys vs girls.
  • Neutral toys they all play about equal
24
Q

Atypical Development:
2. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome?
- found in what kind of communities?
- genotype of sex?
L> they develop ovaries or testes?
- they do or do not produce AMH and T
- internal reproductive structures are masculine or feminine ?
- External genitalia develop or do not develop properly?

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A
  • typically found in genetically isolated communities
  • XY males
  • develop testes
  • produce AMH(anti-mullerian hormone) and Testosterone
  • Internal reproductive structures are masculine
  • External genitalia do not develop properly
25
Atypical Development: 2. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome? - External Genitalia do not develop properly. Explain (3)
- labia like structures instead of scrotum - urogenitalia sinus nto which a vaginal pouch and urethra open - clitoris like penis.
26
Atypical Development: 2. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome? - at puberty testosterone not ___ produces typical masculine physical characteristics including the enlargement of the penis.
- not DHT
27
Atypical Development: 2. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome? - psychological effects?
- children make an easy transition in some cultures.....with heterosexual orientation (female partners)
28
Atypical Development: 2. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency syndrome? - in some cultures this is considered what?
- third gender
29
The dominican republic study, Imperato-McGinley et al. (1974, 1979) L> explain the study - subjects? - syndrome? - break down of decision at puberty - what are they called/considered in the DR
- 18 genetic males...XY - all had 5 alpha reductase deficiency syndrome -Various responses to changes at puberty L> one decided he was male but continued to dress as a female L> one maintained a female gender identity, had a sex change and married a man - 16 readily assumed a male gender identity and gender role - They are called the Goevedoces of Salinas ....which are considered a third gender.
30
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - cause?
- androgens cannot bind to their receptors or receptor cannot bind to its DNA targets -
31
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - genotype?
- XXY
32
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - do testes develop? if they do what do they release?
- testes develop and release testosterone and AMH
33
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - What does AMH cause?
- mullerian ducts to regress
34
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - does testosterone produced by the testes have an effect?
- no and the Wolffian ducts do not develop
35
Atypical Development: 3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - external genitalia?
- defaults to female structures
36
``` Atypical Development: 3.Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - does menstruation occur? L> whats the deal with hair? - do breasts develop?If so, why? ```
- no - no auxiliary hair or pubic hair. - yes due to estrogen
37
Atypical Development: | 3.Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- will function sexually as a heterosexual female with normal sex drive, frequency of orgasm and intercourse.
38
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality - What intersexuality does mean?
- ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestes) appear in the same person
39
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality - in the case of ovarian tissue and testicular tissue which develops normally and which poorly?
- ovarian normally and testicular poorly
40
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality L> appearance of external and internal organs is highly variable or fairly constant across all cases?
- appearance of internal and external organs is highly variable across individuals
41
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality - Which structures dominate usually?
- female structures | - most identify as women and look like them (majority actually have XX)
42
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality - is it known why testicular tissue develops?
-no
43
Atypical Development: 4. Gonadal Intersexuality - some individuals are chromosomal chimeras. What does this mean? L> how does it occur?
- they possess some cells with XX and some with XY - two separate conceptuses of differing chromosomal sex fuse early in development...or if two sperm ( one X and one Y) fertilize the ovum.
44
Sexual Differentiation of the CNS: | - what does it mean to have sexually dimorphic structures?
- phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species.
45
Sexual Differentiation of the CNS: - Sexually dimorphic structures L>in the spinal cord??
- spinal cord ...onuf's nucleus (smaller in females
46
Sexual Differentiation of the CNS: - Sexually dimorphic structures L> In the brain??
- Medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (MPoA) | L> involved in male typical sexual behaviour... may play a role in the suppression of female typical behaviour
47
Sexual Differentiation of the CNS: - Sexually dimorphic structures L> Within the MPoA the INAH3??
- it is larger in males than females | smaller in homosexual males vs hetero
48
Sexual dimorphism arises as a consequence of what?
- differing hormonal levels during a sensitive period
49
Early Hormonal exposure influences what?
- later sexual behaviour
50
Sexual Differentiation of the CNS: - Early Hormonal exposure influences later sexual behaviour L> rodents exp L> In primates exp
- organizational and activation effects of testosterone ( fig. 617) - multiple sensitive periods 1. Prenatal testosterone in females: L> increases play -sex when given in early fetal life L> increases play-fighting when given later in fetal life L> increases male typical mounting when these animals reach adulthood when testosterone is administered.
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