Chapter 6 - Software Development

Question 1

Binary Notational System

Answer 1

a notational system that has only two possible numbers for each place value. These numbers are 0 and 1.

• 0 and 1 used in binary reflect the off and on states of a transistor
• 1 - on
• 0 - off

Question 2

Hexadecimal Notational System

Answer 2

a notational system that has sixteen possible values for each place value.

• 0123456789ABCDEF
• Used in MAC Address, IPv6 Address, Hex Color Codes, and Unicode References

Question 3

Decimal Notational System

Answer 3

a notational system that has ten possible numbers for each place value. The numbers are 0 thru 9.

• 0123456789

Question 4

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Answer 4

the most common character encoding standard for text data in computers and on the internet

• Provides representation for 128 characters

M = 01001101

Question 5

Unicode

Answer 5

an international character encoding standard that encompasses many different languages

• a globally inclusive set of data representation
• supports 136,755 characters across 139 language
• has several standards
• M = U+004D

Question 6

Data Type

Answer 6

is a classification or category of data that determines the type of operations that can be performed on the data and the storage format to be used for that data

• Char
• Strings
• Integers
• Floatas
• Boolean

Question 7

Char (Character)

Answer 7

a single textual character, that can be a letter of the alphabet, a symbol, or a numerical digit.

• even when using mathematical operation it will be treated as text only

Question 8

Strings

Answer 8

a collection of textual characters, that can be composed of letters of the alphabet, symbols, numerical digits, and spaces

• usually distinguishable as the text will be wrap in quotations
• ex. “Hello World!”

Question 9

Concatenation

Answer 9

the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. By doing so, this operation converts multiple strings into a single string.

• “Cyber” + “security” resulting in “Cybersecurity”

Question 10

Integer

Answer 10

a data type used to represent real numbers that do not have fractional values. This includes whole numbers and their negative equivalents.

• -42, -8, 0, 22, 65536

Question 11

Floats

Answer 11

a data type composed of a number that is not an integer, because it includes a fractional value represented in decimal format.

• -42.6, -2.1, 0.4, 22.0

Question 12

Boolean

Answer 12

a special numeric data type that indicates if a condition is TRUE or FALSE. The Boolean value is stored using a single binary digit of either a 0 or 1.

• On or off, yes or no, 1 or 0
• use logical operation like OR, AND, and NOT

Question 13

Compiler

Answer 13

a translator for computer programs. It takes the human-written instructions you give in a high-level programming language and turns them into machine code.

• translates the entire program into machine code prior to running or executing the program (usually having an .exe. extension)
• Compiled Languages: GO, C++, Java, Seashark, and Cobol

Question 14

Interpreter

Answer 14

a real-time translator for computer programs. It takes the human-written instructions you give in a high-level programming language and turns them into machine code.

• translates and executes the program line by line in real-time
• Interpreted Languages: PHP, Pearl, Python, Ruby, JavaScript

Question 15

Scripted Languages

Answer 15

execute a list of task; such as obtaining data from a data set

• create scripts which are sequences of instructions that merely guide other software programs
• Scripting Languages: Bash for Linux and PowerShell for Windows

Question 16

Markup Languages

Answer 16

are marked with tags to govern the display, formatting, and organization of text elements

• provide these instructions to computing devices so they know how to arrange and present the content you see on screen
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), XML, CSS

Question 17

Query Languages

Answer 17

a specialized computer programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It provides a way for users and applications to interact with databases by sending requests for specific data or actions to be performed

• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

Question 18

Pseudocode

Answer 18

a simplified and human-readable representation of a computer program’s logic and algorithm, expressed in natural language or basic code-like syntax

Question 19

Coding Concepts

Answer 19

• Identifiers - Variables, Constants
• Containers - Arrays, Vectors
• Logic Components - Branching, Loops
• Functions
• Objects - Properties, Attributes, Methods

Question 20

Identifier

Answer 20

a symbolic name that points to a specific location in the computer’s memory

Question 21

Container

Answer 21

a special type of identifier and will therefore have many of the same properties as a variable or a constant

• help the computer keep track of different pieces of information referred to as values

Question 22

Array

Answer 22

a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values

• they can be single of multi-dimensional, which you can visualize like a table with multiple columns and rows
• are fixed-size and cannot be resized

Question 23

Vector

Answer 23

a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values

• they can be single of multi-dimensional, which you can visualize like a table with multiple columns and rows
• can grow or shrink in size

Question 24

Function

Answer 24

a reusable block of code that performs a specific task or set of steps. This enables programs to be divided into reusable components.

Question 25

Programming Objects

Answer 25

a self-contained unit that groups together data and actions. It's a way to represent real-world things or concepts in a digital format.

Question 26

Converting To Binary

Answer 26

all things in computers are broken down into binary into decimal - starting from left to right, add the decimal numbers listed in the binary chart until the desired values are reached - # from the chart that are added together will be identified as the binary digit "1" (an on bit), and values that are not added together will be identified as a binary "0" (off bit)

Question 27

Assembly Language

Answer 27

the lowest level of code which humans can read and write, before CPU machine code CPU - final product produced by a compiler - Intel X86, Arm, RISC-V

Question 28

Constant

Answer 28

a set or predefined value that, does not change - similar to a variable, but it cannot be modified by the program once it is defined - cannot be changed by the program once it is defined

Question 29

Variable

Answer 29

a value that can potentially change in the execution of the program either from the result of an output of another part of the program or as input from a user - a container or a storage area to hold data - can be changed by the program once it is defined

Question 30

Conditional Statement

Answer 30

used for branching or program flow - commonly use Booleans to determine which path the program should choose - often shown using the words "if", "then", or "else"

Question 31

Loops

Answer 31

Useful when repeating a process until a condition or set of conditions are either met or not met depending on what the loop is intended for initially

Question 32

Instruction Set

Answer 32

used to accomplish a task of set of tasks to a specific goal - method: built-in task or set of tasks that the code programmers found to be useful - functions: programmer specific function that is custom to the program being created by that individual programmer

Question 33

Flowcharts

Answer 33

visual representation of a program whereas boxes are used to represent the logic

Question 34

C Language

Answer 34

a general-purpose, compiles, programming language that was developed in the early 1970s. - provide a rich set of features for manipulating data, performing calculations, and controlling the flow of a program. - enables its implantation in various environments, ranging from operating systems to embedded systems and online platforms