1
Q
Vocabulary
Amino Acid
A
2
Q
Vocabulary
Aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetase
A
3
Q
Vocabulary
Anticodon
A
4
Q
Vocabulary
Antiparallel
A
5
Q
Vocabulary
Bacteriocin
A
6
Q
Vocabulary
Chaperone
A
7
Q
Vocabulary
Chromosome
A
8
Q
Vocabulary
Codon
A
9
Q
Vocabulary
Codon Bias
A
10
Q
Vocabulary
Complementary
In referance to DNA
A
11
Q
Vocabulary
Denaturation
A
12
Q
Vocabulary
DNA
A
13
Q
Vocabulary
DNA gyrase
A
14
Q
Vocabulary
DNA helicase
A
15
Q
Vocabulary
DNA ligase
A
16
Q
Vocabulary
DNA polymerase
A
17
Q
Vocabulary
Gene
A
18
Q
Vocabulary
Genetic code
A
19
Q
Vocabulary
Genetic element
A
20
Q
Vocabulary
Genome
A
21
Q
Vocabulary
Lagging strand
In re. to DNA
A
22
Q
Vocabulary
Leading strand
In re. to DNA
A
23
Q
Vocabulary
mRNA
A
24
Q
Vocabulary
Nonsense codon
A
25
# Vocabulary
Nucleoside
26
# Vocabulary
Nucleotide
27
# Vocabulary
Open reading frame (ORF)
28
# Vocabulary
Operon
29
# Vocabulary
Peptide bond
30
# Vocabulary
Phosphodiester bond
31
# Vocabulary
Plasmid
32
# Vocabulary
Polypeptide
33
# Vocabulary
Primary structure
| In re. to DNA
34
# Vocabulary
Primase
35
# Vocabulary
Primer
36
# Vocabulary
Promoter
37
# Vocabulary
Protein
38
# Vocabulary
Purine
39
# Vocabulary
Pyrimidine
40
# Vocabulary
Quaternary structure
| In re. to DNA
41
# Vocabulary
Replication
| In re. to DNA
42
# Vocabulary
Replication fork
| In re. to DNA
43
# Vocabulary
Replisome
44
# Vocabulary
rRNA
45
# Vocabulary
Ribosome
46
# Vocabulary
RNA
47
# Vocabulary
RNA polymerase
48
# Vocabulary
Secondary structure
49
# Vocabulary
Semiconservative replication
50
# Vocabulary
Start codon
51
# Vocabulary
Stop codon
52
# Vocabulary
Termination
| In re. to DNA
53
# Vocabulary
Tertiary structure
| In re. to DNA
54
# Vocabulary
Transcription
55
# Vocabulary
Transfer RNA
56
# Vocabulary
Translation
57
# Vocabulary
Transposable element
58
# Vocabulary
Wobble
59
What is a genome, and what is it composed of?
The genome is the complete package of genetic elements and is composed of:
1. Chromosomes>genes>DNA>Nucleotides
## Footnote
Pg. 166-167
60
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The flow of genetic information is a central process in all cells.
## Footnote
pg. 168
61
How is DNA both complementary and antiparallel.
DNA is complementary because of the specific base pairing between the pyrimidines and purines.
DNA is antiparrel because of it's structure. Each strand of DNA begins w/ a 5'-Phosphate and ends w/ a 3'-hydroxyl group. Since the full structure of DNA is composed of 2 strands they must run parallel but in opposite directions otherwise they would repel each other, thus never link.
## Footnote
pg. 167
62
Why is supercoiling essential to a bacterial cell?
While DNA is small, the shear length of the DNA would be massive w/o supercoils. Further, bacteria DNA is circular and the genome itself is unprotected within the cytoplasm of the cell. Thus supercoiling allows the cell to conserve space within the cytoplasm while still holding all the nessesary DNA codons for life processes.
## Footnote
pg. 167
63
# In referance towards bacterial DNA supercoiling:
What enzyme facilitates this process?
Topoisomerases: inserts and removes supercoils by placing DNA under rotational torsion, typically in a (-) orientation.
| (+) orientation is normally seen in archaea.
## Footnote
pg 167
64
What is a plasmid?
Additional genetic information within the cytoplasm that is not part of the cells actual genome. Plasmids are normally 2x DNA that may have a circular or linear orientation.
Plasmids do not carry genes nessesary for essential life process, however, these genes are typically able to alter the cells physiology, or at least alter it, emparting special functions or processes to the individual cells benefit.
## Footnote
pg 171
65
What properties does an R-plasmid confer on its host cell?
R-plasmid (a/k/a Resistant-plasmid) are specific plasmids within bacteria that confer a resistance towards antibiotics and/or growth inhibitors via encoding proteins that:
1. inactivate the threat directly.
2. protect the cell via other methods.
## Footnote
pg 171
66
What is the difference between a template strand and a daughter strand of DNA?
| In referance to DNA Replication.
The template strand (parent strand) is the DNA strand that is actually being replicated.
The daughter strand is the other half or complementary strand that forms the double helix seen with DNA
xx=> xy + xz
67
In what direction does DNA replication occur?
DNA always proceeds from the 5' to the 3' regaurdless of the strand
| It's bc of this that there are leading and lagging strands.
## Footnote
pg 172
68
In DNA replication, what is the primer composed of?
The primer is a nucliec acid that DNA polymerase can attache the first nucleotide. This primer is RNA and is synthesized by *primase*.
## Footnote
pg 173
69
What are the steps that initiate DNA replication?
1. At the Origin of Replication (*OriC*), protein DnaA binds and opens the 2x helix.
2. Helicase (DnaB) is attached to the DNA via assistance from a loder protein (DnaC); single-strand binding proteins are attached as helicase moves forward to stabalize the DNA structure preventing the 2x helix from reforming.
3. Primase synthesizes DNA polymerase which are then loaded onto the DNA behind Helicase.
## Footnote
pg 173
70
Why are there leading and lagging strands?
DNA can only be replicated in the 5' to 3' direction. Thus because DNA is also anitparrelel the strand that runs 3'-5' becomes lagging and is synthesized discontinuously.
## Footnote
pg 174
71
How are errors in DNA replication kept extremely low?
Errors in DNA replication result in mutation. These mutations are kept low because DNA polymerases get (2) chances to insert the appropriate base pair:
1. During initial replication
2. During "proof reading"
## Footnote
pg 176
72
What is a theta structure?
Replicating molecules characterisitic gemetrical shape, d/t bidirectional replication.
## Footnote
pg 175
73
Microbiology (BIOL 261)
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