chapter 7 Flashcards

Question

what is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 1

a powerful innate reinforcer (food, removal of pain)

Answer 2

reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 3

children who learned delayed gratification - did better in school - were more socially competent - achieved more - were physically healthier (marshmallow study on kids)

Answer 4

- effective punishment should be swift, consistent, and appropriately aversive - physical punishment may be imitated, may fear the person who punishes - most effective when paired with reinforcers

Answer 5

a complex behavior that uses gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior - used to train animal to do complex tricks - used to train complex behavior response

Answer 6

- every time a behavior occurs you reward it - you don't reward it every time

Answer 7

- fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval (ratio = behavior, interval = time)

Answer 8

reinforcement is delivered after the completion of a number of responses. the required number of responses remains constant (every 5 vacuums you sell, you get a bonus)

Answer 9

a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. this schedule creates a steady, high rate of response (slot machine)

Answer 10

a set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward (paycheck every 2 weeks for salary workers)

Answer 11

a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Answer 12

classical: - learned association between US and CS - organism is passive - responses elicited operant: - associate response and reinforcement - organism is active - responses emitted similarities: - avoidance learning - extinction and spontaneous recovery - generalization and discrimination

Answer 13

we acquire mental information (through language and experience) that guides our behavior

Answer 14

not evident until later that they learned it (after a reward) example: tolman's rats -> cognitive maps

Answer 15

- that moment when you're finally able to put all of the pieces together (known as an aha or eureka moment) is more likely to be remembered than if you had just been given the answer - the act of discovery has a positive effect on memory and emotions - escape rooms, rebus puzzles

Answer 16

modeling; the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others - bandura's bobo doll study

Answer 17

- we imitate from infancy - later we develop the ability to empathize (part of theory of mind)

Answer 18

- observation, intention, emotions - a type of brain cell that respond both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that same action - monkey peanut experiment

Answer 19

- grasping - finger movements - watching actions activates similar brain activity in humans as doing what was watched

Answer 20

mirror neurons do more than code the observed action; they are code the intention behind the action - more activity in the prefrontal cortex when the intention was to drink when picking a cup up - allows for empathy - we communicate emotions through facial expressions - teacup experiment

Answer 21

- feeling and watching disgust - touching someone - mirror neurons allow for social empathy and connection

Answer 22

- empathy elicits activity in anterior cingulate cortex (acc) and insula - watching someone hurt lights up similar brain areas in frontal lobe as when you are hurt yourself

Answer 23

- models we observe can shape us for good or evil - people who model empathy, kindness, non-violence, love can influence others for good - pay-it-forward

Answer 24

- heavy and prolonged exposure to media violence during childhood predicts future aggressive behavior for both males and females in adulthood - mri brain scans of children who have viewed film or television violence looked similar compared to those who have violently acted out - damages our ability to be empathetic

Answer 25

- increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition - decrease in activation in prefrontal portions of the brain and greater activation of the amygdala - less activation of the acc- - changes in brain regions associated with congitive function and emotional control

Answer 26

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an organism learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus that elicits a response.

Answer 27

operant conditioning behavior shaped through consequences

Answer 28

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its own sake, driven by internal rewards. This means individuals find the activity inherently satisfying or enjoyable. Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior to earn external rewards or avoid negative consequences. This motivation comes from outside the individual.

Answer 29

This experiment challenged the behaviorist view that learning is solely based on direct reinforcement, highlighting the role of cognitive processes in learning and demonstrating that learning can occur even when it is not immediately visible.

chapter 7 Flashcards

(53 cards)