What is included in the axial skeleton?
Skull - cranium (8 - what are the 6 types?), face (14 - what are the 8 types?)
Associated Bones - auditory ossicles (6), hyoid (1)
Thoracic Cage - sternum (1), ribs (24)
Vertebral Column - vertebrae (24), sacrum (1), coccyx (1)
What are the 8 types of face bones and how many are there?
Maxillae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones 2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)
What are the 6 types of cranial bones and how many are there?
Occipital bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bones (1)
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
What are the sutures of the skull?
Coronal Suture (between the frontal and parietal lobe)
Sagittal Suture (dividing both parietal bones)
Lambdoid Suture (running horizontally between the occipital and parietal bones)
Squamous Suture (dividing the temporal bone and parietal bone)
What is a fossa?
A depression
What makes up the cranial base?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
What are the processes in the skull?
- Mastoid Process
Location: Located on the temporal bone, just behind the ear.
Function: Serves as a point of attachment for neck muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Description: This is a large, rounded projection that can be felt behind the ear. - Styloid Process
Location: Also part of the temporal bone, just below the ear.
Function: Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments of the neck and tongue.
Description: A long, slender, pointed projection. - Zygomatic Process
Location: Found on the temporal bone, it extends towards the cheekbone.
Function: Connects with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch, which is important for the structure of the face and serves as an attachment site for muscles involved in chewing.
Description: It extends laterally from the temporal bone toward the zygomatic bone. - Coronoid Process
Location: Part of the mandible (lower jaw).
Function: Serves as the attachment point for the temporalis muscle, which is involved in closing the jaw.
Description: A flat, triangular projection near the top of the mandible. - Condylar Process
Location: Found on the mandible.
Function: Forms the TMJ (temporomandibular joint), where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone. It plays a role in movement of the jaw.
Description: A rounded, knob-like projection. - Spinous Process
Location: Found in the cervical vertebrae at the base of the skull, as part of the spinal column.
Function: Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments that support the head and neck.
Description: These are the prominent bony projections that can be felt along the back of the neck. - Frontal Process
Location: Part of the maxilla (upper jaw), extending upward toward the frontal bone.
Function: Helps form the structure of the nasal cavity and provides a point of attachment for muscles involved in facial expression.
Description: A projection from the maxilla that connects to the frontal bone. - Alveolar Process
Location: Found in both the maxilla and mandible.
Function: Contains the sockets for the teeth (dental alveoli).
Description: The ridge-like structure that houses the teeth. - Occipital Condyles
Location: On the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
Function: Articulate with the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) to allow head movement (flexion and extension).
Description: Rounded, oval projections on either side of the foramen magnum. - External Occipital Protuberance
Location: On the occipital bone.
Function: A point of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae, which helps support the head.
Description: A prominent bump located at the back of the skull.
What bone does not have a joint with another bone?
Hyoid
What is the hyoid?
U shaped bone that supports your tongue and helps you speak and swallow
What is the anterior fontanelle?
The soft spot and associated sutures in the skull of an infant
allows for the head of babies to develop into adult size
“soft spot”, moves slightly downwards to assist in childbirth
What are the types of fontanelle?
Anterior fontanelle (top of head)
Posterior fontanelle (back of the head)
Occipital fontanelle (between occipital and two parietal bones)
Sphenoid fontanelle (at the junction of the frontal, parietal temporal, and sphenoid bones)
Mastoid fontanelle (at the junction of the occipital, parietal, and temporal bones)
What makes up the vertebral column?
26 bones; 24 vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum
Cervical region (C1-C7)
Thoracic region (T1-T12)
Lumbar region (L1-L5)
Sacrum (5 fused bones)
Coccyx (4 fused bones)
What region of the spine is the largest and why?
Lumbar region; carries the most weight
What region of the spine articulates with ribs? (forms joints)
Thoracic region
Vertebrae articulate with one another on their superior and inferior surfaces with a unique cartilage joint called _______?
Intervertebral discs
What is the curvature of each region of the spine?
Cervical (concave)
Thoracic (convex)
Lumbar (concave)
Sacrum (convex)
Label the processes of the vertebrae
Transverse process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Spinous process
What are the first two cervical vertebrae?
Atlas and axis
What is the atlas (C1 vertebra) specialized to do?
Articulate superiorly with occipital condyles of the skull and permit nodding of the head
What is the axis (C2 vertebra) specialized to do?
Acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
Distinguish each vertebral region
Cervical - smiley face small bone
Thoracic - giraffe looking
Lumbar - biggest, moose
What is a herniated/slipped disc?
Occurs when the disc bulges abnormally or breaks apart as a result of injury, normal wear and tear, or disease
causes pain, numbness, weakness if presses on nerve roots
called sciatica if in the lower back; causes pain down the buttock and leg :3
treatment: rest, ice, and then light exercise
What are the life cycle issues of the vertebrae?
As we age, intervertebral discs tend to lose water and become thinner, and less elastic. This can cause the secondary curves (lumbar and cervical) to diminish, leading to postural abnormalities such as kyphosis (increased thoracic curvature)
How many curves does the vertebral column have?
4; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
