Chapter 7

Question 1

General term to describe ability to perform physical work.

Answer 1

fitness (requires cardiorespiratory functioning, muscular strength and endurance, and musculoskeletal flexibility)

Question 2

Measure of the body’s capacity to use oxygen.

Answer 2

VO2 max (mL/kg/min)

Question 3

Endurance

Answer 3

ability to work for prolonged periods of time and the ability to resist fatigue (muscular and cardiorespiratory)

Question 4

Aerobic exercise adaptations

Answer 4

• increased levels of oxidative enzymes in the muscles
• increased mitochondrial density and size
• increased muscle fiber capillary supply

Question 5

mVO2

Answer 5

myocardial oxygen consumption - a measure of O2 consumed by heart muscle, supply of O2 to heart is dependent on coronary blood flow

Question 6

Measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to erase the body’s “oxygen deficit.”

Answer 6

EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

Question 7

Deconditioning

Answer 7

• Occurs with prolonged bed rest
• Frequently seen in those with extended, acute illness or long term chronic condition
• Disease process will affect conditioning
• Prior level of training will influence conditioning

Question 8

Phosphagen (ATP-PC System)

Answer 8

• phosphocreatine (fuel source) and ATP stored in muscle cell
• no O2 required
• max capacity is small but max power is large
• short, quick bursts of energy
• 15-30 sec

Question 9

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

Answer 9

• glycogen (glucose) is fuel source
• no O2 required
• lactic acid byproduct
• max capacity and power is intermediate
• 30-90 sec of exercise

Question 10

Aerobic System

Answer 10

• glycogen, fats, and protein for fuel
• O2 required
• max capacity is large but power is small
• predominates after 2 min

Question 11

Deconditioning effects seen with prolonged bed rest:

Answer 11

Decreases in:

• muscle mass
• strength
• cardiovascular function
• total blood volume
• plasma volume
• heart volume
• orthostatic tolerance
• exercise tolerance
• bone mineral density

Question 12

1 MET =

Answer 12

3.5 mL/kg/min

Question 13

During exercise, there is a/an ________ in vagal stimuli as well as an increase in ____ stimulation.

Answer 13

decrease, SNS

Question 14

Cardiovascular response to exercise:

Answer 14

SNS response:

• peripheral vasoconstriction in nonexercising muscles
• increased myocardial contractility (force)
• increased heart rate (SA depolarization increase)
• increased systolic blood pressure
• increase and redistribution in cardiac output
• decrease in vagal stimuli

Question 15

Respiratory response to exercise occurs before exercise begins. (T/F)

Answer 15

True

Question 16

To supply the additional oxygen needed and excrete the excess CO2 produced, ________ ventilation increases 10-20-fold during heavy exercise.

Answer 16

alveolar

Question 17

Which factors result in increased oxygen extraction from the blood (increased dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin)?

Answer 17

• decrease in local tissue PO2 because of use of more oxygen by working muscle
• production of more CO2 causes the tissue to become acidotic and the temperature increases
• increase of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) produced by glycolysis during exercise

Question 18

Factors determining oxygen consumption:

Answer 18

• vascularity of the muscles
• fiber distribution
• number of mitochondria
• oxidative mitochondrial enzymes present in the fibers

Question 19

Termination of stress testing:

Answer 19

• progressive angina
• significant drop in systolic pressure
• lightheadedness, confusion, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or peripheral circulatory insufficiency
• abnormal ECG response including ST segment depression greater than 4 mm
• excessive rise in blood pressure
• subject wishes to stop

Question 20

The most popular treadmill protocol for stress testing.

Answer 20

Bruce protocol

Question 21

A conditioning response typically occurs at ___ to ___% maximum heart rate depending on the individual and the initial level of fitness.

Answer 21

60-90% (70% is minimum in healthy, young individuals)

Question 22

When using the Karvonen formula, the exercise heart rate is ______ than when using the maximum heart rate alone.

Answer 22

higher

Question 23

Which elicits greater improvement in VO2max: high-intensity, short duration or moderate intensity/longer duration?

Answer 23

high-intensity, short duration

Question 24

Physiological responses to warm-up:

Answer 24

• increase in muscle temperature
• increased need for oxygen
• dilatation of capillaries with increases in the circulation
• adaptation in sensitivity of the neural respiratory center to various exercise stimulants
• increase in venous return

Question 25

Guidelines for the warm-up:

Answer 25

- 10 minutes of total body movement exercises, such as calisthenics or walking - attaining a HR that is within 20 beats/min of the target HR

Question 26

Continuous Training

Answer 26

- submaximum energy requirement - aerobic metabolism - slow-twitch muscle fibers - 20-60 minutes without exhausting the oxygen transport system - overload through progressing duration - most effective way to improve endurance

Question 27

Interval Training

Answer 27

- improve strength and power over endurance - passive or active recovery - total amount of work that can be completed is greater

Question 28

Circuit Training

Answer 28

- several exercise modes and mix of static or dynamic effort | - can improve strength and endurance

Question 29

Circuit-Interval Training

Answer 29

- aerobic and anaerobic systems | - delay in need for glycolysis and production of lactic acid

Question 30

Cool-down period benefits:

Answer 30

- prevent pooling of blood in the extremities by maintaining venous return - prevent fainting by increasing the return of blood to the heart and brain as CO and VR decreases - enhance recovery period with oxidation of metabolic waste and replacement of energy stores - prevent myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, or other cardiovascular complications

Question 31

Physiological changes that occur with aerobic exercise (at rest):

Answer 31

- decreased heart rate - decreased sympathetic tone (increased vagal tone) - decreased blood pressure - decrease in peripheral vascular resistance - increase in blood volume and hemoglobin - larger lung volume - larger diffusion capacity in lung - muscle hypertrophy - increased capillary density - increased number and size of mitochondria

Question 32

Physiological changes that occur with aerobic exercise (during exercise):

Answer 32

- reduced heart rate - increased stroke volume (increased contractility and blood volume) - increase cardiac output - increased extraction of oxygen by working muscles - decreased blood flow of working muscle (muscles are more efficient at pulling out O2) - decreased myocardial oxygen consumption - larger diffusion capacity in lung - increased maximal minute ventilation - ventilatory efficiency increased - decreased rate of depletion of muscle glycogen - lower blood lactate levels at submaximal work - less reliance on PC and ATP

Question 33

Overall changes occurring in response to aerobic exercise:

Answer 33

- decrease in body fat - decrease in blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels - increased heat acclimatization - increase in the breaking strength of bones and ligaments and the tensile strength of tendons

Question 34

Inpatient Phase (Phase I) Cardiac Rehab

Answer 34

- 3 to 5 days - initiate risk factor education - initiate self-care activities, progress sit to stand - provide an orthostatic challenge to the cardiovascular system, i.e. ambulation - prepare patient and family for continued rehab

Question 35

Outpatient Phase (Phase II) Cardiac Rehab

Answer 35

- 6-8 weeks - heart rate and rhythm monitored - increase exercise capacity in a safe, progressive manner - enhance cardiac function - produce favorable metabolic changes - determine the effect of medications on increasing level of activity - relieve anxiety and depression - progress to an independent exercise program

Question 36

Outpatient Program (Phase III)

Answer 36

- purpose is to continue to improve or maintain fitness levels from Phase II - heart rate and rhythm no longer monitored but patient monitors own pulse rate - swimming, hiking, etc.

Question 37

Resting heart rate is influenced by age. (T/F)

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Cardiac output is related to size. (T/F)

Answer 38

True