1
Q
memory (7.1)
A
- length of memory improves with age
- hippocampus and amygdala not fully developed until about 2 years (recall)
- prefrontal cortex development assists memory as well
- amygdala emotion memories
- schemas are not fully developed
- developing strategies more effective
2
Q
memory strategies (7.1)
A
- an action to promote remembering
1. rehearsal
2. organization (11 to 12 y.o)
3. clustering/chunking
4. elaboration
5. external memory aids
6. network of knowledge
7. selection of best strategies
8. metamemory
9. metacognition
10. cognitive self regulation
3
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) rehearsal
A
-strategy of repeating information that must be remembered
4
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) organization
A
- structuring material to be remembered so that related information is placed together
5
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) elaboration
A
- embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable
6
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) chunking
A
- process of organizing related items into one meaningful group
7
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES(7.1) metamemory
A
- diagnosing memory problems accurately and monitoring the effectiveness of memory strategies
- refers to a child’s informal understanding of memory
8
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) metacognitive knowledge
A
- such knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes
9
Q
MEMORY STRATEGIES (7.1) cognitive self-regulation
A
- skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately
10
Q
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
A
networks of knowledge of concepts ~ categories ~ relationships between categories ~ properties of concepts ~ scripts - storing information verbatim or by the gist
11
Q
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
script
A
- a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur
12
Q
KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY (7.1)
fuzzy trace theory
A
- developed by Charles J. Brainerd and Valerie Reyna
- most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (verbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist)
13
Q
autobiographical memory (7.1)
A
- refers to people’s memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives
- form in preschool
- language skills and sense of self solidifies these memories: self schemas
- guidance from adults to enhance memory
- personal timeline
14
Q
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (7.1) infantile amnesia
A
- refers to the inability to remember events from one’s early life
- age 3 to 4
15
Q
eyewitness testimonies (7.1)
A
- vulnerability to leading questions: preschool children
- repeated questioning “are you sure ____?”
- distortions
- limited source monitoring skills
- source MISATTRIBUTION
16
Q
to have most accurate (eyewitness) (7.1)
A
- open ended questions
- let the children talk
- don’t repeat the questions
- avoid asking, if they are sure about what happened
17
Q
problem solving (7.2)
A
- setting a goal
- developing strategies to achieve the goal
- problem solving improves with age - 7 months
18
Q
PROBLEM SOVLING (7.2) means-ends analysis
A
which a persondetermines the difference between the current adn desired situations, and then does something to reduce the difference
19
Q
PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2) heuristics
A
rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are useful in solving range of problems
20
Q
features of problem solving (7.2)
A
- encoding issues
~ mental representations
- planning ahead
- using general and specific preferences
~ means-end analysis
~ sub goals
- multiple strategies
~ heuristics
- collaboration: good social skills, both focused on finding solution, both of one of them has the capacity to find solution
21
Q
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM SOLVING (7.2)
confounded variables
A
variables that children and adolescents combined instead of evaluated independently - so the results are ambiguous
22
Q
scientific problem solving (7.2)
A
- confounding variable
- difficulty integrating theory and data (confirmation bias)
- reach conclusions prematurely (little evidence)
23
Q
READING (7.3)
word recognition
A
the process of indentifying a unique pattern of letters
24
Q
READING (7.3)
comprehension
A
process of extracting meaning form a sequence of words
25
READING (7.3)
| phonological awareness
ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letter
- rhymes
- storing familiar words
26
READING (7.3)
| decoding
identifying individual words by sounding out the letters in them
27
COMPREHENSION (7.3)
| propositions
children derive meaning by combining words to form ideas
28
READING (7.3)
| self-monitoring
whether they understand or not -reread the sentence
29
READING (7.3)
| second language
inconsistent words/sounds
30
WRITING (7.3)
| knowledge-telling strategies
adolescence
| -deciding what information to include and how best to organize it for the point they wish to convey to their reader
31
WRITING (7.3)
| incentive spelling
- writing how it sounds
| - better and faster writing
32
WRITING (7.3)
| knowledge transformation strategy
as child grows up --> organize thoughts --> leave out info
33
application of number (7.3)
- understanding quantity
- adding and subtracting (4 or 5)
- naming numbers (2 y.o)
- counting (3 y.o)
- by 5 y.o they can count by 9
- math skills facilitated by working at studies, having parents that support education, children have positive attitude towards studying and education
34
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
| one-to-one principle
must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted
35
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
| stable-order principle
number names must be counted in the same order
36
LEARNING TO COUNT (7.3)
| cardinality principle
the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects
PSYC 2290
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
# Cards
