are the main component of the adaptive immune response
lymphocytes
healing
________: wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss
-original tissue structure and function have been ________
primary intention
restored
aging and mechanisms of self defense
impaired or delayed inflammation is likely a result of _______
- _____ and ______ among many others
- ______ may interfere with wound healing
- infections are more common in _______
- ______, ______, and ____ are often affected
- older adults have diminished _______
- expression and function of several, if not all, ______ are decreased
chronic illness diabetes, cardiovascular diseases medications older adults lungs, bladder, and skin immune function TLRs
provide the defense against parasites and regulate _____ mediators
-help control ______ effects of inflammation
eosinophils
vascular
______ during reconstructive phase
- impaired _____ matrix assembly
- causes: ________
- __________: collagen matrix assembly
- ______ scar
impaired ________- best clean solution ________
-antiinflammatory ____, ______, and ________
impaired _______
-________: results from excessive _____ derived tension
dysfunction collagen malnutrition keloid scar hypertrophic epithelialization normal saline steroids, hypoxemia, nutritional deficiencies contraction contractures myofibroblast
endothelial cells produce ________ and _______
- maintain blood flow and pressure and inhibit platelet activation
- NO maintaints vascular tone
nitric oxide
prostacyclin (
PGI2
first line of defense
- _________ barriers
- synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy microorganisms
- antibacterial peptides in ____, ____, saliva, tears, ear wax
antimicrobial peptides
-cathelicidins, defensins in _____ granules and collectins (lungs)
normal microbiome
- inhibits colonization by pathogens, releases chemicals that prevent infection
- vaginal: lactobacillus
- intestinal: ammonia, phenols, and indoles
biochemical
sweat, mucus
neutrophils
recognize and elimate cells that are infected with viruses and cancer cells in the blood
NK cells
resolution and repair
_______: most favorable outcome
________: returning injured tissue to the original structure and function
_______:
-nonfunctioning ___ tissue replaces destroyed tissue
______: primarily composted of ____ to restore the tensile _____ of tissue
regeneration resolution repair scar scar tissue collagen tensile
wound begins to heal
- healing begins __ to __ days after injury and continues for __ weeks
- the role of ________ occurs during this phase of wound healing
- synthesize and secrete ____ and the _____ proteins
- ______: cells from healthy tissue grow into wound
- wound contracts through actions of _______
- cellular ______ occurs
reconstruction phase 3, 4 2 fibroblast proliferation collagen connective tissue epithelialization myofibroblasts differetitation
are cellular fragments, formed from megakarycytes
also called ___________
activation stops ______ and ________
contain alpha and dense granules
platelets
thrombocytes
bleeding, degranulation
a proinflammatyory cytokine that causes fever
IL 1
nitric oxide
effects of NO on inflammation include ________ by inducing relaxation of vascular __________, a response that is ____ and _______, and suppressing ______ function as well as platelet _______ and _______
vasodilation smooth muscle local short lived mast cell adhesion aggregation
are produced primarily by ______ and ______ in response to a microoorganisms or stimulation by other products of inflammation
- help regulate _______
- many _____ exist
interleukins (ILs) macrophages lymphocytes inflammation types
produced in the bone marrow, enter circulation, migrate to the inflammatory site, and develop into macrophages
-are precursors to ______ in tissues
monocytes
macrophages
healing
_______: wounds that require significantly more tissue replacement
- _______
- wounds that cause ___ formation
secondary intention
open wound
scar
proinflammatory cytokine that helps with healing
IL 6
systematic manifestations of inflammation
_____: can be caused by exogenous and endogenuous (__) pyrogens
-acts directly on the ______
______: increased numbers of circulating ______
-left shift, increase in ____ cells (bands)
increased __________:
-____ phase reactants
-______, ________, ______, ______, and _______
fever IL 1 hypothalamus leukocytosis leukocytes immature plasma protein synthesis acute C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, amyloid A, and ceruloplasmin
is an antiinflammatory cytokine
transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)
are larger than monocytes, are more active than phagocytes, and are important cellular initiators of inflammation; they help in _______
-activation results in increased phagocytic activity, size, plasma membrane area, glucose metabolism, and number of lysosomes; they prodominate in late inflammation
macrophages
wound healing
anti inflammatory cytokine
IL 10
local manifestations of inflammation
result from ______ changes and corresponding _______ of circulating components into the tissue
- _____: from vasodilation and ______ blood flow
- _______: vasodilation and _____ blood flow
- _______: increased capillary _______ causes the edema. from ____ accumulations and fluid from increased _____
- _______: from pressure exerted by _____ accumulations, ______, and ______
- loss of _____: may also occur
vascular leakage heat increased redness increased swelling permeability exudate permeability pain exudate prostaglandins bradykinins function
phagocytes:
are also referred to as ___________
predominate in ____ inflammatory responses
-ingest ______, ______, and cellular _____
-are ___ lived and become components of the ________ (pus)
primary roles
- removal of ____ in sterile lesions
- _______ of bacteria in nonsterile lesions
neutrophils polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) early bacteria, dead cells, cellular debris short purulent exudate debris phagocytosis
phagocytosis steps
1. _________ or recognition - phagocytes gain enhanced recognize and adhere to the ______ (“glue” between the phagocyte and target cell by ___ making the foreign cell more suseptible to phagocytosis and adherence
- ______ - microorganisms are ingested
- small ______ surround adherent microorganism - _______ :intracellular phagocytic _____ is formed
- ____ - lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte
- creates a ________ - ______ of the target - microoorganisms are killed and ingested
- uses primary and secondary ________
opsonization bacteria C3b engulfment pseudopods phagosome vacuole fusion phagolysosome destruction granules
