BIO 1113 > Chapter 7 - Inside the Cell (Extensive) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Inside the Cell (Extensive) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive?

A

The cell

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2
Q

What four things do all cells have?

A

1 - Proteins
2 - Nucleic Acids
3 - Carbs
4 - Cell membranes

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3
Q

Do eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A specialized structure within a cell that performs a distinct function.

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5
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranous tubes and sacs within eukaryotic cells that help produce, process, and transport proteins and lipids.

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6
Q

What endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, and synthesizes + folds proteins?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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7
Q

What endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes, makes lipids, and detoxifies chemicals?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

A group of interconnected organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

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9
Q

What is included in the endomembrane system?

A

1 - Nuclear envelope
2 - Endoplasmic reticulum
3 - Golgi apparatus
4 - Vesicles
5 - Lysosomes
6 - Plasma membrane

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10
Q

Are the nucleus and mitochondria organelles?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Where is the endomembrane system located relative to eukaryotic cells?

A

Within the cytoplasm.

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12
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is located between the cell membrane and the nucleus, filling the entire interior of the cell.

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13
Q

Is the nucleus in the middle of the cell?

A

Generally

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division.

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15
Q

Only ____________ cells are part of a multicellular organism.

A

Eukaryotic

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16
Q

Animals, fungi, and plants have __________ cells.

A

Eukaryotic

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17
Q

Bacteria and archaea have __________ cells.

A

Prokaryotic

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18
Q

___________ are independent DNA molecules from ___________.

A

Plasmids, chromosomes

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19
Q

The plasma membrane is made up of a ________.

A

Double phospholipid bilayer

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20
Q

The cell wall is made up of ____________ (for plants and fungi).

A

Cellulose and chitin

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21
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

It serves as a selectively permeable membrane barrier.

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22
Q

The __________ ____________ surrounds the cell, separating the cell’s interior from the exterior environment.

A

Plasma membrane

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23
Q

Prokaryotes contain a single __________.

A

Chromosome

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24
Q

Small, circular DNA molecules are called?

A

Plasmids

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25
The __________ forms a protective 'exoskeleton,' a tough, fibrous layer.
Cell wall
26
Long filaments that rotate to propel the cell are called?
Flagella
27
Needlelike projections that promote attachment to other cells or surfaces are called?
Fimbriae
28
What are ribosomes?
They're like the factory of proteins; they catalyze peptide bonds between amino acids.
29
Protein fibers inside the cell assist in _____________ and ____________.
cell division, maintains cell shape
30
Three key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:
1 - Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger 2 - Eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed in a nucleus 3 - Eukaryotic cytoplasm is compartmentalized into a larger number of distinct organelles
31
Prokaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular (T/F)?
False, only unicellular
32
Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular (T/F)?
True
33
Function: Information storage and transmission, ribosome subunit assembly, structural support.
Nucleus
34
Function: Protein synthesis (links amino acids).
Ribosomes
35
Function: Protein synthesis and processing. Contains receptors for entry of selected proteins.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
36
Function: Lipid synthesis and processing. Contains enzymes for synthesizing or modifying lipids.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
37
Function: Processes, sorts, and ships proteins.
Golgi apparatus
38
What do vesicles do in the Golgi apparatus?
Carry materials to and from the organelle.
39
What do cisternae do in the Golgi apparatus?
Primarily store/regulate cell content in the organelle.
40
Function: Digestion and recycling (only animal cells).
Lysosomes
41
Function: Storage, digestion and recycling (only plant cells).
Vacuoles
42
Function: Oxidation of fatty acids (has enzymes that catalyze), ethanol, or other compounds.
Peroxisomes
43
Function: Further breaks down glucose and produces ATP.
Mitochondria
44
Function: Production of sugars via photosynthesis; has enzymes that use energy from light to make sugars.
Chloroplasts
45
Function: Structural support, movement of materials; in some species, movement of whole cell.
Cytoskeleton
46
Function: Double phospholipid bilayer. Selective permeability - maintains intracellular environment.
Plasma membrane
47
Function: Protection, structural support. Has fibers running through carbohydrate or protein matrix.
Cell wall and extracellular matrix
48
The nuclear envelope is a _____________.
double phospholipid bilayer
49
The nuclear lamina ______________.
maintains the shape of the nucleus
50
The nucleolus _____________.
is where rRNA is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled
51
What is the center for information storage (DNA) and processing?
The nucleus
52
Chromosomes are packages of ______.
DNA
53
Why are ribosomes not considered an organelle?
They lack a membrane
54
Ribosomes manufacture __________ that remain in the cytosol or are imported to other organelles.
proteins
55
The ________ is a region in prokaryotic cells where chromosomes are located.
nucleoid
56
The cytoplasm is the whole _______, while cytosol is the ___-____ ______.
area, gel-like liquid
57
Some ribosomes are free in the ________, while some are attached to the __________.
cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum
58
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of the ____________.
nuclear envelope
59
The ________ is the space within the ER cisternae.
lumen
60
The cisternal space is also known as the _________.
lumen
61
Flattened membrane-bound sacs that make up the ER, Golgi apparatus, etc. are called?
Cisternae
62
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ___________.
ribosomes
63
What is folded and processed in the Rough ER?
proteins
64
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks _________.
ribosomes
65
What is synthesized and modified in the Smooth ER?
lipids and other poisonous molecules
66
The Golgi apparatus is a series of membranous sacs called ____________.
cisternae
67
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
process, sort, and ship our proteins synthesized in the Rough ER
68
What side of the Golgi apparatus receives products from the Rough ER?
cis side
69
What side of the Golgi apparatus ships out products?
trans side
70
Lysosomes are _______ ____________ found only in ___________ ________.
recycling centers, animal cells
71
What organelle digests macromolecules and exports monomers to the cytosol?
Lysosomes
72
Lysosomes contain lots of _____________.
enzymes
73
What are in lysosome membranes to maintain the PH level?
proton pumps
74
If the enzymes get out of lysosomes, they...
won't survive because they only survive at the pH level in lysosomes
75
Vacuoles are like the __________ of plant cells.
lysosomes
76
Vacuoles are only found in ____________.
plant cells
77
What are functions of vacuoles that lysosomes don't have?
storage, protection and structural support
78
What organelles in plants may contain noxious compounds to protect leaves and stems from being eaten?
lysosomes
79
What organelles in flower petals or fruits may contain pigments?
lysosomes
80
Cell detox centers: they contain enzymes that break down toxic molecules through oxidation.
Peroxisomes
81
What does oxidation often produce?
hydrogen peroxide
82
What organelle supplies ATP to cells?
mitochondria
83
Mitochondria manufacture their own ____________ and contain their own _______.
ribosomes, DNA
84
Chloroplasts manufacture their own ____________ and contain their own _______.
ribosomes, DNA
85
What is the eukaryotic cell wall made of?
Rods or fibers of carbs, polysaccharides, and proteins
86
The nuclear membrane, ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles make up the...
endomembrane system
87
What system produces, processes, and transports proteins and lipids?
The endomembrane system
88
What is the process of adding short carb groups to form glycoproteins to serve as a location signaler?
glycosylation
89
The _________ is a dense, complex network of fibers.
cytoskeleton
90
Three types of cytoskeletal elements:
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
91
What cytoskeletal element is two intertwined strands of proteins?
actin filaments
92
What cytoskeletal element is fibrous proteins coiled into cables?
intermediate filaments
93
What cytoskeletal element is hollow tubes?
Microtubules
94
_____________ are involved in movement in the cytoskeletal system and serve as 'railroad tracks' for vesicles.
Microtubules
95
Vesicle transport requires a motor protein called _________.
kinesin
96
Microtubules control the beating of _________ and ________-extensions that project from some cells.
flagella, cilia
97
Sperm cells use ________ to swim.
flagella
98
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Where cells absorb molecules by engulfing them after they bind to receptors on the cells surface
99
What is phagocytosis?
A process where a cell engulfs and digests large particles like bacteria or debris.
100
What is autophagy?
Where cells break down and recycle their own damaged or unnecessary components to maintain health.
101
What motor protein causes movement in cilia and flagella?
Dynein
BIO 1113
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