Chapter 7: Surface Water

Question 1

When does Water Pollution occur

Answer 1

When discharges of energy or materials degrade water

Question 2

What are the 3 Water Pollution classifications?

Answer 2

1. Nature of Pollutants
2. Sources releasing them
3. Water bodies into which they are discharged

Question 3

How is Water Pollution measured?

Answer 3

By concentration of pollutants

Question 4

What are some Water Pollutants of concern?

Answer 4

1. Oxygen-demanding wastes
2. Nutrients
3. Thermal pollution
4. Pathogens
5. Acidification

Question 5

What saturation value of DO do fish need?

Answer 5

At least 5 mg/L

Question 6

What are two ways surface water pollution is measured?

Answer 6

1. Concentrations of contaminant
2. Potential for oxygen depletion

Question 7

How is BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) created?

Answer 7

By oxygen demanding wastes decaying in the water

Question 8

What is the five day BOD test?

Answer 8

Total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the first 5 days of biodegredation

Question 9

Think about the Oxygen consumed vs. time graph, and what are the components?

Answer 9

1. L0
2. BOD5
3. Total BOD
4. CBOD
5. NBOD

Question 10

Why are BOD5 tests not affected by nitrification?

Answer 10

Because NBOD starts 5 to 8 days into test

Question 11

What is eutrophication?

Answer 11

A process whereby waterbodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth.

Question 12

Name some sources of nutrients.

Answer 12

1. Fertilizers
2. Nitrogen deposits
3. Soil
4. Sewage

Question 13

What are some results of Thermal Pollution?

Answer 13

1. Reducing DO
2. Accelerating eutrophication
3. Affecting ecological processes
4. Blocking fish migration paths

Question 14

What are some causes of Thermal Pollution?

Answer 14

1. Power plants
2. Deforestation of shoreline
3. Soil erosion

Question 15

Name 4 types of disease causing pathogens

Answer 15

1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Helminth

Question 16

Name and define transmission mechanisms of diseases in water

Answer 16

1. waterborne: ingestion of pathogens through water
2. water-washed: scarcity of water causing uncleanliness
3. water based: contact with diseased water
4. water related: involves host/vector that relies on water

Question 17

Name diseases and their vectors

Answer 17

1. Diarrheal: microorganisms
2. Schistosomiasis: water snails
3. Malaria: mosquitos
4. Onchocerciasis: black flies

Question 18

What is the drinking water guideline?

Answer 18

<500 ppm Total Dissolved Solids

Question 19

What are some common heavy metals?

Answer 19

Mercury
Arsenic
Copper
Barium
Cadmium
Lead

Question 20

What are VOC’s?

Answer 20

Volatile Organic compounds that become vapours or gases easily

Question 21

What pH level do very few aquatic organisms survive below

Answer 21

5.0

Question 22

What substances are harmful in low pH environments?

Answer 22

Minerals

Question 23

What are Buffers?

Answer 23

Substances capable of neutralizing the added hydrogen ion

Question 24

What are the two components of the problem in the UN Sustainability Development Goal?

Answer 24

Water Quality
Water Quantity

Question 25

Name three UN sustainability goal 6's (Water)

Answer 25

1. safe universal access to drinking water for all 2. access to sanitation and hygiene for all 3. substantially increase water use efficiency

Question 26

What are two components of ensuring safe water quality?

Answer 26

Safe Drinking Safe Release

Question 27

What are the steps in Municipal Drinking Water Treatment?

Answer 27

Screen: Particulate matter Rapid Mix Floculation/sedimentation: Solids (these steps remove colloids through transformation to large particles) Granular Filtration Clear well storage

Question 28

What are the 4 Wastewater Treatment classifications?

Answer 28

1. Preliminary Treatment: screening, grit removal 2. Primary Treatment: sedimentation (30% BOD, 60% TSS) 3. Secondary Treatment: (90% BOD and TSS) 4. Advanced/Tertiary: not usually used unless in environmentally sensitive waters

Question 29

What are the 4 types of stabilization ponds?

Answer 29

1. Facultative Lagoon 2. Aerated Lagoon 3. Anaerobic pond 4. Maturation pond

Question 30

What are types of natural systems for wastewater treatment?

Answer 30

Stabilization Ponds Wetlands

Question 31

What two things cause lack of DO in lakes?

Answer 31

High BOD wastes Eutrophication

Question 32

At what temperature does water become heaviest?

Answer 32

4 Celcius

Question 33

Generally, does water become lighter or heavier as temperature increases?

Answer 33

lighter (above 4 Celcius)

Question 34

At what temperature does water become lightest?

Answer 34

0 Celcius

Question 35

What are the three stratification layers of a lake?

Answer 35

1. Epilimnion - warm, well mixed top layer 2. Metalimnion - middle transition layer (thermocline) 3. Hyoplimnion - cold, well mixed bottom layer

Question 36

During what seasons is the DO in a lake high?

Answer 36

Autumn and Spring turnovers

Question 37

What is the difference between a eutrophic and an oligotrophic lake?

Answer 37

Eutrophic lakes carry large amounts of nutrients, so have different levels of DO in August vs June. Oligotrophic lakes have little nutrients, so are better suited to carrying more DO and consistent year round.