MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES > CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conformity

A

“peer pressure”, tendency for people to bring behaviour to line with group norms. Powerful.

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2
Q

2 reasons why you’d conform:

A

o 1) Informative influence: look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and ask what to do.
o 2) Normative influence: even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection.

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3
Q

Social action

A

actions and behavior that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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4
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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5
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significaly raise arousal

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law affects on simple and complex tasks

A

enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple)

hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

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7
Q

Deindividuation

A

individuals in group settings can have behavior that is dramatically different in social enviroments

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8
Q

antinormative behaviour

A

behavior against the norm

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9
Q

bystander effect

A

individuals are less likely to intervene to help victims when others are present

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10
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in group setting than individually

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11
Q

Peer pressure

A

social influence placed on a individual by a group of people or another individual

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12
Q

Identity shift effect

A

individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection
- often conform to the norms of the group

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13
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

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14
Q

social interaction

A

explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

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15
Q

Group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to make decision that are more extreme than the individuals idea and inclinations of the members within the group

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16
Q

risky shift

A

groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals

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17
Q

Group think

A

refers to the desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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18
Q

Group think decision

A

consensus decisions are reached without alternatic ideas being assesed

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19
Q

Janis eight factors

A 
Illusion of invulnerability
collective rationalization
pressure for conformity
Illusion of morality
excessive stereotyping
self-censorship
illusion of unanimity
mindgaurds
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20
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

the creation of optimism and encouragemnet of risk taking

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21
Q

collective rationalization

A

ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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22
Q

pressure for conformity

A

the presure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

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23
Q

excessive stereotyping

A

the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

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24
Q

self-censorship

A

the withholding of opposing views

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25
illusion of unanimity
the false sense of agreement withiin the group
26
mindgaurds
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
27
Illusion of morality
the belief that the group's decisions are morally correct
28
Fad
behaviour that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community
29
mass hysteria
shared, intense concern about the threat to society
30
Culture
beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
31
culture shock
travelinng outside one's own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic
32
Cultural assimilation
process by which an individual;s or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group integrates new apsects of soceity and culture with old ones
33
Ethnic enclaves
locations with a high concentration of one specific
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Assimilation
usually uneven | mergin of cultures
35
Multiculturalism
celebration of coexisting cultures | multiple cultures in a community or society
36
Subcultures
group of people within a culture that distinguis themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
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counterculture
subculture group that gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture opposes norms
38
socialization
the process of developing, inheriting and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
39
cultural transmission
the manner in which a society socializes its members
40
cultural diffusion
spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture
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primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we intially learn acceptable actions and attitudes (home)
42
Secondary socialization
process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society
43
Anticipatory socialization
process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living, or relationships
44
Resocialization
process by which one discards old behaviours in favour of new ones to make new life change
45
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
46
Mores
widely observed social norms
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sanctions
penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior
48
taboo
socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible
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folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
50
Agents of socialization
combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization
51
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society
52
social stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
53
labeling theory
posits that the label fiven to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person's self-image
54
differential association theory
deviance can be learned through interactions with others
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strain theory
attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
56
conformity
matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to social norms
57
normative conformity
desire to fir into a group due to fear of rejection
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internalization
changings one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
59
identification
refers to the outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking there ideas
60
compliance
change in behavior based on a direct request
61
foot-in-the-door technique
small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made
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door-in-the-face technique
when a large request is made at first and if refused a second, smaller request is made
63
lowball technique
the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment
64
that's-not-all technique
individual is made an offer, but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected
65
obediance
changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
66
Social cognition
focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
67
attitude
expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario
68
three components of attitude
affective behavioural cognitive
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affective aspect of attitude
way a person feels toward something, and is the emotional component of attitude
70
behavioural aspect of attitude
way a person acts with respect to something
71
cognitive aspect of attitude
way and individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components
72
functional attitudes thoery
attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense
73
knowledge attitudes
important in that it provides consistency and stability
74
ego expressive attitudes
allowing us to communicate and solidary our self-identity
75
adaptive attitude
the idea that one will be accepted if socialy acceptable attitudes are expressed
76
ego-defensive attitudes
if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
77
Learning theory
posits that attitudes are developed thorugh different forms of learning
78
elaboration likelihood model
describes the change in attitude
79
central route processing
elaborate extensivelyp those who think deeply about information, scruitinize its meaning and purpose and draw conclusions
80
peripheral route processing
do not elaborate, focusing on superficial details: the appearance of the person delivery the argument, catchphase, and slogans, crediability
81
Social cognitive theory
postulates that peopl learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing others
82
Bandura's Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Behavioral factors personal factors enviromental factors
MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
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