Understand and Describe Cognitive Economy
- We make ways to process & simplify information quicker
- This often leads to misleading conclusion and oversimplification
Heuristics - 2 types of heuristics
Heuristics: mental shortcuts (rule of thumb)
1. Representativeness heuristic
- estimating the likelihood of an occurence by its superficial similarity to a prototype based of from my own past experiences.
- Ignore the actual base rate
2. Availability heuristic:
- estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on how easy it is to com up in our mind
Bias - 2 types of biases
- Hindsight bias:
- “I knew it was gonna happen”
- Overestimating how well we could have predicted something after it has ALREADY happened - Confirmation bias:
- Tendency to seek out for the evidence that proves our point while ignoring / distorting bunch of evidence that proves that we’re wrong
Top-down processing (chunking)
Fill in the gaps of missing information using our experience and background knowledge.
- Concepts: our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions and characteristics that share core properties
- Schemas: concepts we’ve stored in memory about how certain actions, objects and ideas relate to each other.
Problem solving definition:
Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
6 Barriers of problem solving
- Focusing on irrelevant information
- Goofy - Salience of surface similarities
- think deeper bruh - Functional fixedness
- the rope guy - Mental set
- the water & glasses - Imposition of unnecessary constraints
- the line drawing - Not reflecting on intuitive solutions
- simple is better sometimes
3 Approaches to problem solving
- Trial and error
- Algorithms
- Heuristics
- Searching for analogies
- Forming sub goals
- Changing the representation of the problem
- Working backwards
3 Factors of decision making process
- Anchoring effect
- Framing effect
- Sunk cost fallacy
Impact of too many choices
- Paralysis by analysis
- Decreased satisfaction
- Opportunity cost
- Imagined alternatives
- Increased expectations
- Responsibility
4 Properties of Language
- Symbolic
- Semantic
- Generative
- Structured
Structural Features of Language
- Phonemes
- category of sounds - Morphemes
- word with meaning - Semantics
- denotation vs connotation - Syntax
- arrangement rules of the language - Extra-linguistic information
- extra stuffs ex) voice tones, gestures
+ Pragmatics:
- Impacts of the context on the meaning of the words (who is talking to whom?)
7 Stages of Language Acquisition
- In utero
- Hear mom’s voice
- Recognizes repeated stories & songs & characteristics of native language - 1~4 Days
- Respond to speech MORe than non - speech sounds - 1~5 months
- Distinguish language vs non language
- Vocalize randomly
- Can distinguish between all phonemes - 6~18 months
- Babbling - 10~13 months
- First words are spoken
- phoneme categories similar to those of the adult speaker - 12~18 months
- 50~100 words
- Rate of learning new words increases - 18~24 months
- Vocal spurt!
4 Growing pains of children
- Overextension
- Underextension
- Telegraphic speech
- Overregularization errors
3 Theories of Language Acquisition (+critics)
- Behaviourist Theories
- Nativist Theory
- Interactionist explanation
Sign language (+ relation to spoken languages)
A type of language developed by members of communities with hearing loss that allows them to use visual rather than auditory communication
Relation to spoken languages:
- has its own phonemes, words, extra linguistic info
- Babies babble with hands
(go through same process of acquisition)
- same area of the brain
3 misconceptions of sign language
- Ppl with hearing loss can just lip read - no need to learn sign language
- Learning to sign slows down the ability for deaf child to speak
- American Sign Language is just Eng translated words
Bilingualism & it’s pros cons
Pros:
- More aware of how languages are structured
- Perform better in language related tasks
Cons:
- Slower development in learning syntax of each language than monolingual babies
Does thought depend on language? (2 theories)
- Linguistic Determinism
- Language determines thoughts
- No language = no thoughts - Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
- Language shapes the basic nature of thoughts
2 Reading Strategies + speed reading
- Whole word recognition
- Phonetic decomposition
Speed reading is trash
