Chapter 8

Question 1

wat was de status voor world war II voor psychologen

Answer 1

psychiatrists hadden psychoanalyse als medical treatment, en dus mocht alleen met een medisch degree. psychologen hadden voor administratie van testen

Question 2

wat was het eerste psychological center

Answer 2

Lightner Witmer in 1896, aimed at helping behavioural and learning problems in children

Question 3

the growth in these clinics was slow, and up to ww2 they were limited to dealing with school children, due to…

Answer 3

the lack of support from the academic psychologists:
1. because departments were dominated by experimental psychologists who wanted to promote the disciplines scientific basis
2. the academics did not want to upset their medical colleagues whom they needed for the expansion of their departments.

Question 4

wat was er na ww2

Answer 4

an urgent need for psychological advice and treatment.
-> shellshock (=oorlogsneurose)

Question 5

shellshock gave rise to…

Answer 5

1. a need for increased psychological testing to predict who would be prone to shellshock
2. increased pressure to treat personell who suffered from shellshock (veel mensen werden getrained, and clinical psychologists were taken on board for testing and treatment)

Question 6

the demand for counselling provided a rich environment for new developments

Answer 6

oke

Question 7

carl rogers

Answer 7

in 1942: proposed client-centered therapy

• unconditional positive regard
• empathic understanding
• congruence, realness
  (dus niet: knowledge of physical diseases)

Question 8

antipsychiatry after WW2

Answer 8

• more and more unease with the way patients were treated by psychiatrists in alysums
• input from scientific research into psychotherapy
• psychiatrists turned to medicines for the treatment of mental disorders

-> betere status voor psychologen

Question 9

wat vonden mensen tijdens die antipsychiatry movement

Answer 9

psychiatry = ineffective, dangerous, demeaning

vooral over lobotomy, electric shocks, treatments etc.

Question 10

wanneer was de antipsychiatry movement

Answer 10

60s/70s

Question 11

On being Sane in Insane Places

Answer 11

Thomas Szasz

• had to be more respect to the rights and dignity of the patients
• hospitalization: as short as possible, geared towards reintegration
• prevent hospitalization, treat ppl with mental problems outside of these clinics
  (klinisch psychologen hadden hier een grote rol in want waren vaak ambassadeurs hiervoor)

Question 12

wat was nog een reden dat klinisch psychologen meer naar psychotherapie gingen

Answer 12

resistance for treatment from non-medical practitioners, alleen psychiaters mogen medical toeschrijven.

Question 13

the first psychoactive drugs…

Answer 13

were discovered by chance

Question 14

psychoactive drugs radically changed the treatment of mental disorders:

Answer 14

• contribution to non-residential therapies
• lowering the threshold for treatment of mental health disorders

Question 15

redenen voor meer populariteit klinische psychologie:

Answer 15

• antipsychiatry
• input from science
• availability of medicines for mental disorders
• social management and individualisation
• increased knowledge about psychology in the population

Question 16

social management and individualisation

Answer 16

• steeds meer welfare states, meer aandacht voor mentale gezondheid (want mensen waren fysiek ook meer gezond).
• social mobility: mensen gingen steeds meer weg van hun familie, daardoor niet kunnen confiden in mensen
• growing awareness of individuality, which lead to more definition of themselves in terms of own qualities/achievements/emotions (rather than on the basis of groups). this increased the likelihood that people would want to talk to a counseller

Question 17

meer knowledge in population door..

Answer 17

mainstream education (denk aan filmpje over personaliteiten) en became part of everyday interactions. also research findings that have become part of general knowledge.

Question 18

need for tests in society (3)

Answer 18

• authenticity tests, to expose dishonesty
• qualifying tests to measure aptitude and competence
• tasks to diagnose disease

Question 19

what is a test

Answer 19

• a test contains the condition of intent (planned, arranged and given with a purpose in mind)
• not administered to collect info about performance on the test itself, but as an indication of some other condition
• a test involves a difference in status between test giver and test taker

Question 20

wat waren 2 first major achievements of psychologists regarding testing

Answer 20

1. finding out they were able to define what good tests were and how this could be assessed: validity & reliability
2. the intuitively most appealing way to obtain information about people (the interview) did not score high on reliability and validity -> most majob decisions were made on the impressons of the candidates, not their actual answers

Question 21

the psychological test as alternative: kenmerken

Answer 21

• structured vs unstructured
• standardized tests (limit bias)

Question 22

personality tests:

Answer 22

the woodworth personal data sheet (but the test started from the assumption that participants would answer all questions honestly, even though the available answers differed in social desirability)

Question 23

hoe tackelen we the problem of social desirability

Answer 23

• making the questions subteler
• including a scale to measure the bias
• use other formats than self-report

Question 24

tests have become increasingly popular due to the individualization of society!!

Answer 24

oke

Question 25

waarom worden nu steeds meer psychologische testen gebruikt

Answer 25

- best way to make predictions about human functioning - society increasingly turned to science based evidence to make decisions - growing individualization: increased need for information about individuals

Question 26

waarom is er steeds een increased need for tests door individualization?

Answer 26

members are more interested in what distinguishes them from others, than what they have in common.

Question 27

industrial psychology in the beginning of the 20th century

Answer 27

industrial revolution: separation between work and family. many workers became a link in a much longer production chain. basic philosophy of frederick taylor: if the employees would be paid enough, they would have no problem in performing simple, routine jobs

Question 28

wat lieten de hawthorne studies

Answer 28

mayo decided (on the basis of the hawthorne studies) that it was not so much the physical circumstances or the pay that determined productivity, but more the extent to which the workers found themselves valued and esteemed. -> social relationships and need for belonging.

Question 29

dus wat startte de hawthorne studies

Answer 29

the human relations movement

Question 30

wat kwam er na de human relations movement

Answer 30

human resource movement

Question 31

human resource movement =

Answer 31

t stressed that a company's main assets are its employees, and they have to be retained and nurtured. this movement was embedded within other major societal schanges, such as change in the type of work that had to be done, and an overall increase in affluence among employees. monotonous jobs were taken over by robots & computers, and were replaced by more intellectually demanding jobs in the service sectors.