Where does Ionic bonding occur?
Ionic solids
Where does covalent bonding occur?
Molecules
How to calculate lattice energy?
Is lattice energy exothermic or endothermic
exothermic
How does lattice energy get more exothermic
Higher charged ions, shorter distance between
How to make electron configuration of Anions
add e- to highest oribital
Dipole moment
Quantitative measure of extent to which bond is polarized
Dipole Moment Equation
μ = q × r
measured in debye (D)
1 D = 3.34x10-30 Columb meters
Electronegativity Equation
|EN1-EN2|
Electronegativity trend ptable
Increases across a period and decreases down a group
EN > 1.7
mostly ionic bond
EN < 0.5
mostly covalent (nonpolar)
0.5 < EN < 1.7
Polar covalent bond
AX3
EDG: Trigonal Planer
MS: Trigonal Planer
Bond Angle 120°
AX3E1
EDG: Tetrahedral
MS: Trigonal Pyramidal
Bond angle: <109.5°
AX2
EDG: linear
MS: linear
Bond angle: 180°
AX2E1
EDG: Trig planer
MS: Bent
Bond angle: <120°
AX5
EDG: Trigonal Bipyramidal
MS: Trigonal Bipyramidal
Bond angle: 120° equatorial, 90°/180° axial
AX3E2
EDG: Trigonal Pyramidal
MS: T-shape
Bond Angle: «120° Equatorial «90°/«180° Axial
AX4
EDG: Tetrahedral
MS: Tetrahedral
Bond angle: 109.5°
AX2E2
EDG: Tetrahedral
MS: Bent
Bond angle: «109.5°
AX4E1
EDG: Trigonal Bipyramidal
MS: See-saw
Bond angle: <120° Equatorial <90°/180° axial
AX2E3
EDG: Trigonal Bipyramidal
MS: Linear
Bond angle: 180°
AX5E1
EDG: Octahedral
MS: Square Pyramidal
Bond angle: <90°
