Gender awareness
Discriminate between men and women early
Gender identity
Sense of self as male or female begins around 2.5 years of age
Biological factors
Hormonal influences on brain development and behavior
Gender socialization
Parents and teachers expect different behaviors from boys and girls
-media and peer influence
Gender schema
Mental networks of beliefs and expectations about males and females
-learn gender through play
Gender constancy
Gender is permanent and immutable by 6 or 7 years of age
- by 3 yrs old age exhibiting gender typical behavior
- kids play with same sex peer groups
- styles of play differ
Authoritative parenting
Parenting style characterized by high warmth and high control
- high expectations & enforce rules
- child also feels loved, valued, and accepted
Authoritarian parenting
Parenting style characterized by low warmth and high control
- strict
- rarely display affection
Permissive parenting
Parenting style characterized by high warmth and low control
- little discipline
- let kid have their way
- few demands for responsibility
Disengaged parenting
Parenting style characterized by low warmth and low control
- parents focus on their needs, not the child’s
- little care for the child at all
Unoccupied play
Not engaged in play, exploration, or social interaction
Solitary play
Playing alone, with no reference to what others are doing
Onlooker play
Watching others as they play
Parallel play
Playing with a similar toy in a similar way next to another child, but without conversing
Associative play
Involves social interactions and playing with others but children are not working toward a common goal
Cooperative play
Involves social interactions in which one child’s behavior is coordinated with another child’s behavior, as children work towards common goals.
-working together to make a sand castle
Homophily
Tendency of people to associate and bond with others who are similar or “like” themselves
Socialization
Developing cultural values and rules for behavior
