Define origin and insertion.
Origin: Site of attachment to the immovable bone.
Insertion: Site of attachments to movable bone. *
*When a muscle contracts across a join, it insertion is pulled toward its origin.
For cartilaginous joints: List each type, define, note movement classification, and example.
- Synchondrosis (Synarthrosis) - Joint formed by bands of hyaline cartilage ex: between first rib and manubrium, epiphyseal plate.
- Symphysis (Amphiarthrosis) - Shock absorber e.x. intervertebral disk, pubic Symphysis
Provide function and definition of Menisci.
Pads of fibrocartilage that divide the join cavity into separate compartments. Cushions and evenly distributes weight, absorbs shock,
Provide function and definition of Reinforcing ligaments
Collagenous fibers that strengthen joint. Usually thickened portion of fibrous capsule. Prevents excess movement.
Provide function and definition of Saddle Joint.
Articulating surface have both concave and convex surfaces. E.x. Carpal and metacarpal of thumb.
Define Synovial fluid
Lubricating fluid that decreases friction between articulating bones.
Define Gliding Movements.
Gliding Movements- When flat bone surfaces glide or slide over one another.
Occurs at cartilaginous joint e.x. Intervertebral disc, sternoclavicular
Provide function and definition of Joint Capsule.
- Outer Layer: External, tough flexible fibrous capsule that holds the articulating bone together
- Inner layer: Loose CT (synovial membrane)
Synovial membrane - lines joint cavity and secretes synovial fluid
Provide function and definition of “Ball and socket” joint.
- A round head that articulates with the cup shaped cavity.
- Most freely movable joint; all angular movement
- (Universal joint) e.x. hip/should
List the 6 types of synovial joints.
- Ball and socket
- Gliding
- Saddle
- Condyloid
- Pivot
- Hinge
Name and define the joint and ligaments of the hip.
Ball and Socket - between the head of femur and acetabulum of coxa.
Iliofemoral - connects iliac spine to the trochanters of the femur.
Pubofemoral - found at the pubis and iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofermoral -n connects the ischium posterior to the acetabulum and bends with joint capsule.
Name and define intracapsular ligaments.
Intracapsular- found inside the joint capsule. Anterior cruciate ligament ; ACL Posterior cruciate ligament; PCL Prevents hyper extension
Provide function and definition of Hinge Joint.
Permit flexion and extension only. Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. e.x. Elbow, phalanges, knee
List the three fibrous joints and movement.
Suture - Synarthrosis
Syndesmosis - Amphiarthrosis
Gomphosis - Synarthrosis
Provide function and definition of Bursa.
Located between skin and bone ,and between muscle, tendons, ligaments and bone. Cushions movements of parts.
List and define the 3 structural types and movement categories of joints.
- Synarthrosis - a joint that lacks movement
- Amphiarthrosis - a joint that is slightly movable
- Diarthrosis - a freely movable joint
Define Angular Movements
Change in angle b/w bones Only Synovial Flexion - decrease in joint angle - Dorsiflexion- foot toward shin - Plantar flexion - foot away from shin Extension - increase in angle - Hyperextension- beyond normal range Abduction - moving a limb away from midline Adduction - moving a limb towards the midline Circumduction - movement of limb in circular pattern Rotation - around a central axis
Name and define the joints of the knee.
Three joints function as a hinge:
- Medial condyle of femur articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia
- Lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia
- Patellar surface of femur and patella make a gliding joint
Discuss the four parts of a synovial joint and movememnt.
- Articular cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Joint cavity
All Diathrosis
List the three types of movements a joint permits.
- Gliding
- Angular
- Special
Provide function and definition of Articular Cartilage
- A thin layer of cartilage around the end of bones.
- Resist wear and minimizes friction Spongy (cancellous) bone underneath to absorb shock
Provide 5 structural characteristics associated with synovial joints.
- Articular Cartilage
- Joint Capsule
- Reinforcing ligaments
- Menisci (articular discs)
- Bursae
Name and define extracapsular ligaments.
Extracapsular - found outside the joint capsule. Patella ligament Tibial (medial) collateral ligament; MCL , Fibia (lateral) collateral ligament; LCL
Name and define the ligaments of the elbow.
Ulnar collateral (medially) connects the medial epiconddyle of the humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna.
Radial collateral connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligaments of the radius
Anular runs from the trochlear notch of the ulna and encircles the head of the radius.
