Chapter 8

Question 1

Dating Prior to WW1

Answer 1

Chaperoned

Question 2

Dating 1950s

Answer 2

See changes in dating, but still formalized

Question 3

Dating Now

Answer 3

Egalitarian approach, informal, lack clear vocabulary

Question 4

Cohabitation

Answer 4

Living with a romantic partner but not in a legal marriage

*Very rare before the 1960s when it was highly stigmatized

Question 5

Cohabitation (present day)

Answer 5

18. 4% of youth aged 20-34 are currently cohabiting

- Most common first union rather than marriage

Question 6

Why cohabit?

Answer 6

• Alternative to being single, shared expenses
• trial marriage
• step in the marriage process
• long term alternative to marriage

Question 7

Marriage

Answer 7

Socially and legally recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic and social rights and responsibilities

Question 8

Trends in contemporary marriage

Answer 8

Decline in marriage rates, but marriage still very common

*Tendency to marry later in life (31 men, 28 women)

Question 9

Same sex marriage

Answer 9

0.8% of all couples

Question 10

Who marries whom?

Answer 10

• Declining age gap between husbands and wives, but wives typically younger
• More racial exogamy, but still only around 5% of couples are of different races/ethnicities

Question 11

Childbirth (present day)

Answer 11

• Average age of motherhood rising
• Rates of teenage pregnancy declining
• More children born outside legal marriage
• More multiple partner fertility
• More non-biological children

Question 12

Lower Fertility Rates

Answer 12

• Young adults postponing marriage and parenthood, desiring fewer children
• childlessness/choosing to be child-free more common

Question 13

Percentage of childlessness

Answer 13

7% don’t want kids

15% end up not having kids

Question 14

Centuries of Childhood (Phillipe Aries)

Answer 14

Argues the concept of childhood did not exist before the 18th century
*Children in the 17th and 18th century started work very early and sometimes left families to contribute income

Question 15

Childhood (historically)

Answer 15

Children’s usefulness of labourers decreased

• new industrial workplaces need more skilled workers
• Growing concern for child safety
• Children lost their economic value, gained new emotional value

Question 16

Socialization

Answer 16

Process by which a society passes on its behaviour patterns, attitudes and values and knowledge to the next generation
- Complex process that allows an individual to develop a self-identity, the skills needed to prepare for new roles and to function effectively in a given society

Question 17

Agents of Socialization (parents)

Answer 17

one of the most significant roles in the socialization of their children

Question 18

Agents of Socialization (Daycare)

Answer 18

• Increase need for child care

- 54% of parents with children aged 4 or younger used some type of care

Question 19

Agents of Socialization (Private Childcare)

Answer 19

• Sometimes nannies are foreign domestic workers
• “family-like”
• Emotional labour
• Unique working conditions
• Complex relations with parents and children

Question 20

Agents of Socialization (Siblings)

Answer 20

Older siblings especially

Question 21

Religion

Answer 21

Influences gender roles, parent-child relationships, attitudes towards moral issues

Question 22

Agents of Socialization (mass media)

Answer 22

• Educational programming shown to have great benefits

Question 23

Agents of Socialization (Peer group/friends)

Answer 23

sports or other extracurricular activities

Question 24

Socialization life course

Answer 24

Socialization is a lifelong process

- different institutions become important socializing agents at different points of the life course

Question 25

Learning/Behaviourist Frame of Reference (Socialization)

Answer 25

Assumes the same concepts and principles that apply to animals apply to humans

Question 26

Operant/instrumental conditioning

Answer 26

Focuses on the response, not related to any known stimuli | - Learn to make a response on basis of outcome that response produces

Question 27

Psychoanalytic Frame of Reference

Answer 27

* Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Stresses the importance of biological drives and unconscious processes - Each individual has repressed unconscious, parents responsible for "impulse taming"

Question 28

Freud Stages of Development

Answer 28

1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital Phase

Question 29

Child Development Frames of Reference

Answer 29

Focus social structure and reasoning (Erikson and Piaget)

Question 30

Erickson

Answer 30

Socialization is a life long process | - Eight stages of human development

Question 31

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 31

1. trust vs. Mistrust (0-18mnths) 2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (18mnths-3yrs) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5yrs) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-13 yrs) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-21yrs) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-39 yrs) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 yrs) 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

Question 32

Piaget

Answer 32

Children develop cognitive abilities through interaction with the world and adaptation to environment - 4 cumulative stages of intellectual development

Question 33

4 Cumulative stages of intellectual development (Piaget)

Answer 33

1. Sensorimotor period (0-2) 2. Pre-operational period (2-7) 3. Concrete Operational Period (7-11) 4. Formal Operational Period (11-adulthood)

Question 34

Symbolic Interactionist Frame of Reference

Answer 34

* Socialization viewed as lifelong process | * Emphasis on interactions with others

Question 35

Symbolic Interactionist Assumptions

Answer 35

- Humans must be studied on their own level - Ana analysis of society is the most valuable method of understanding society - At birth, the human infant is asocial - A socialization being is an actor as well as a reactor - Social self developed through interaction with others - Important role of significant others and reference groups

Question 36

Attachment theory

Answer 36

Is based on the premise that a strong attachment to a warm, loving, and responsive mother is necessary for a child's emotional, psychological and cognitive development

Question 37

Childhood as a social construct

Answer 37

Refers to how social understanding about what children experience, what they need, and what is expected of them in larger society varies by time and location

Question 38

Classical Conditioning

Answer 38

Is rooted in learning theory and links a known response to a stimulus

Question 39

Generalized other

Answer 39

Is the internalized moral "self" and the social controls that the individual develops from interacting with significant others

Question 40

Ideology of motherhood

Answer 40

Is the belief system that women are naturally suited to take on the primary responsibility for the care and nurturance of children

Question 41

Significant others

Answer 41

Are those individuals or role models who take on special importance to children, such as parents, other relatives, friends or TV heroes