Chapter 8 Flashcards by Calvin Watts

What are the Client/Server architectures?

Networked computing model
Processes distributed between clients and servers
Client-Workstation (PC, smartphone, tablet) that requests and uses a service
Server - Powerful computer (PC/mini/mainframe) that provides a service
For DBMS, server is a database server
For the Internet, server is a web server

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What are the three application logics in Client/Server systems?

Presentation Logic
Processing Logic
Storage Logic

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What are the components of Presentation Logic?

Input - Keyboard/mouse

Output - Montior/Printer

* This is the GUI Interface *

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What are the components of Processing Logic?

I/O processing
Business Rules
Data Management

* These are Procedures, functions, and programs *

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What are the components of Storage Logic?

Data storage/retrieval

*This is DBMS activities*

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What is application partitioning?

Placing portions of the application code in different locations (client vs. server) after it is written.

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What are the advatages of application partitioning?

Improved performance
Improved interoperability
Balanced workloads

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Two-tier client-server environments example

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Where can processing logic be in a two-tier client-server environment?

Client (Fat client)
Server (thin client)
Both (distributed environment

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Three-tier and n-tier client-server environments example

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Where is the processing logic in a three-tier and n-tier client server environment?

At the application server or Web server

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In a two-tier database server architectures what is the Client worksation responsible for?

Presentation logic
Data processing logic
Business rules logic

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What does the server perform in a two-tier database server architecture?

All data storage, access, and processing.

Typically called a database server

*DBMS is only a server*

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Database server architecture (two-tier architecture) example

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What are the characteristics of two-tier client/server systems?

Departmental in scope (few users)
Not mission-critical
Low transaction volumes
Common programming languages are Java, VB .NET, C#
Interface database via middleware, APIs

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What is middleware?

Software that allows an application to interoperate with other software without requiring user to understand and code low-level operations

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What is an Application Program Interface (API)?

Routines that an application uses to direct the performance of procedures by the computer’s operating system.

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What are the common database APIs?

ODBC, ADO .NET, JDBC

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What are the steps for using databases via middleware APIs?

Identify and register a database driver.
Open a connection to a database.
Execute a query against the database.
Process the results of the query.
Repeat steps 3-4 as necessary.
Close the connection to the database.

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What are the components of a three-tier architecture?

Client - (GUI interface (I/O processing)) - Browser or Mobile App to access
Application server - (Business Rules) - Web Server

Database Server - Data storage - DBMS

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What is a Thin Client?

PC just for user interface and a little application processing. Limited or no data storage (sometimes no hard drive)

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Generic three-tier architecture example

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What is a thin client?

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An application where the client accessing the application primarily provides the user interfaces and some application processing, usually with no or limited local data storage.

What is a thin client application?

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A web browser and the 3-tier architecture involves a Web application.

A database-enabled intranet/Internet environment example

What are the components of a web application?

- Database Server - Web Server - Application server - Web browser

What is the purpose of the database server in a web application?

It hosts the DBMS example: Oracle, SQL Server, Informix, MS Access, MySql

What is the purpose of the web server in a web application?

It receives and responds to browser requests using HTTP protocol example: Apache, Internet Information Services (IIS)

What is the purpose of the applicatino server in a web application?

The software buidling blocks for creating dynamic web sites example: MS ASP .NET framework, Java EE, ColdFusion, PHP

What is the purpose of the Web browser in a web application?

Client programs that sends web requests and receives web pages example: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome

What programming languages are used for creating web pages?

- **Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)** - markup language specific for web pages - **Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)** - markup language standard - **Extensible Markup Language (XML)** - markup language allowing customized tags - **XHTML** - XML-compliant extension of HTML - **JavaScript/VBScript** - scripting languages that enable interactivity in HTML documents - **XSL and XSLT** - XMS style sheet and transformation to HTML

What are static page requests?

.htm or .html requests handled by the Web Server

What are dynamic page requests?

- .jsp, .aspx, and .php requests are routed to the application server - Server-side processing by JSP servlet (Java), ASP .NET application (C# or VB), ColdFusion, or PHP - Database access via JDBC, ADO .NET, or other database middleware

Example of information flow in a three-tier architecture

What are considerations in 3-tier applications?

- **Stored Procedures -** Code logic embedded in DBMS; Improve performance, but propriertary. - **Transactions -** Involve many database updates; Either all must succeed, or none should occur. **- Database connections -** Maintaining an open connection is resource-intensive; Use of connection pooling

What are the advantages of stored procedures?

- Performance improves for compiled SQL statements - Reduced network traffic - Improved security - Improved data integrity - Thinner clients

What are some of the disadvantages of Stored procedures?

- Programming takes more time - Proprietary, so algorithms are not portable

What are the benefits of three-tier architectures?

- Scalability - Technological flexibility - Long-term cost reduction - Better match of systems to business needs - Improved customer service - Competetive advantage - Reduced risk

What is cloud computing?

A model for creating ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand access to network services.

What are the characteristics of cloud computing?

- On-demand - Broad network access - Resource pooling - Rapid elasticity - Measured service

What are the types of cloud computing?

- Infrastucture-as-a-service (IaaS) - Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) - Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

What is Extensible Markup Language (XML)?

A text based markup language (like HTML) - It uses elements, tags, attributes - It includes document type declarations (DTDs), XML schemas, comments, and entity references

What revolutionizes the way data is exchanged over the Internet?

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

What are four common options for storing XML documents?

- Store XML data in a relational database by shredding the XML document - Store entire XML document in a large field (BLOB or CLOB) - Store the XML document using special XML columns - Store the XML document using a native XML database (non-relational)

What does XPath do?

One of a set of XML technologies supporting XQuery development, locating data in XML documents

What is XQuery?

An XML transformation language that allows applications to query both relational databases and XML data

What is Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT)?

A language used to transform complex XML documents and also used to create HTML pages from XML documents.

What can translate a single XML document into both standard HTML and WAP/WML for cell phones without the necessity for two different pages?

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT)

What is a set of emerging XML-based standards that define protocols for automatic communication between software programs over the web?

Web Services

What is a standard for creating a distributed registry of Web services?

Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)

What is an XML-based grammar for describing a Web Service and specifying its public interface?

Web Services Description Language (WSDL)

What is an XML-based communication protocol for sending messages between applications over the Internet?

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

Web Service protocol stack example

What is service oriented architecture (SOA)?

A collection of services that communicate with each other, usually by passing data or coordinating a business activity.

What is a new paradigm for IT application development, based mostly on Web service?

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

What are the benefits of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)?

- Loosely coupled, highly interoperable components - Leads to flexibility and shorter development time

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(56 cards)