what constitutes an egalitarian society?
In societies where egalitarian social relations exist, there are no differences in wealth, power, or prestige.
what does surplus production of food and control of its distribution lead to? what does a complex society have?
Surplus production of food and control of its distribution lead to occupational specialization:
• Complex societies have large populations, extensive division of labour, and occupational specialization
things that indicated occupational specialization/complex societies
Monumental architecture, large constructions, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs
o Differences in the number and quality of grave goods
o Concentrations of particular artifacts in specific areas, indicating that specialized activities took place there
describe the moche
pre inca civilization of south america
700 BP - 1300 BP
• Evidence of this culture for around 400 years
• Known for mini burials with ornamental items
• Often found underneath current houses-rely on mapping
describe the nazca
pre inca civilization of south america
1600-1300 BP
• Markings in ground (geoliths) - still exist bc dry area
when was the inka civilization around?
Inka empire - still around when spanish arrived (500 yrs BP)
describe the inka social strata
- Social strata:
- The inka (supreme ruler)
- The sons and grandsons of the inka
- Other people of royal blood
- Inka aristocrats
- Inka by privilege
- Peasants
what is special about inka roads?
- Well known
* Two main ones: one that followed coastline, one that went back through the mountains
what are Khipu?
(knots)
• Used to keep track of info
• Keep track of inventory
describe inka textiles
- Well preserved bc of environment
* Silver “trinkets” placed in graves etc
why where there inka mummies?
- Sacrifices- times of earth quakes, droughts, etc
- Children fed a maize alcoholic drink to make death easier
- Lots of skull fractures associated
what is Machu Picchu? describe briefly
- Settlement on mountain
- Not discovered by spanish in 1500s
- “lost city”
- Only used from about 100 years
- Terraces
who is Hiram bingham?
- Director of expedition to search for evidence of incan ruins in 1911
- Connected to yale and brought back artifacts to them
- Foliage had to be removed so machu picchu can be seen
what is Intihuatana?
Intihuatana is a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca
• Sun was important
• Lots of sites correspond with rising and setting of sun
what was special about inca masonry?
• Tight fit of stones/bricks
describe the agricultural terraces of the inka empire
• Stream of water going through
• Stratification
• Water features are important to settlements
New inka road discovered in 2014
