Chapter 8 - Group Influence

Question 1

1. Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us” are referred by social psychologists as a:

A. clan.
B. crowd.
C. group.
D. mob.

Answer 1

C. group.

Question 2

2. According to Marvin Shaw, which of the following would most likely constitute a group?

A. six people riding a city bus
B. eight people working individually in a computer room
C. a pair of jogging companions
D. five people waiting for different buses at a bus stop

Answer 2

C. a pair of jogging companions

Question 3

3. According to Marvin Shaw (1981), which of the following constitutes a group?

A. Caleb, an air steward, serving the passengers in a flight
B. Logan working individually in his school’s computer room
C. Mary and her friends working together on a class project
D. Sophie and 50 other people traveling in a city bus

Answer 3

C. Mary and her friends working together on a class project

Question 4

4. According to Johnson (2006), which of the following different human needs are met by different groups?

A. to affiliate
B. to surrender
C. to build evaluation apprehension
D. to set group norms

Answer 4

A. to affiliate

Question 5

5. Shaw (1981) argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members:

A. reside in the same location.
B. belong to the same gender.
C. interact.
D. speak the same language.

Answer 5

C. interact.

Question 6

6. In a park, a guy you do not know sits near you. His mere presence affects your behavior even though he is doing nothing. In the context of social facilitation, this person is best described as a(n):

A. confederate.
B. co-actor.
C. ingroup member.
D. comrade.

Answer 6

B. co-actor.

Question 7

7. An example of someone who is involved with co-actors is:

A. a runner in a race.
B. a runner surrounded by others jogging.
C. a person working on a science project.
D. a person involved in planning a party.

Answer 7

B. a runner surrounded by others jogging.

Question 8

8. Triplett conducted one of social psychology’s first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that the children worked ________ on their fishing reel when co-actors were competing with them in contrast to when they worked alone.

A. faster
B. slower
C. uninterestedly
D. leisurely

Answer 8

A. faster

Question 9

9. Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology’s first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it:

A. the groupthink effect.
B. the social facilitation effect.
C. social loafing.
D. deindividuation.

Answer 9

B. the social facilitation effect.

Question 10

10. The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of:

A. the groupthink effect.
B. the social facilitation effect.
C. the false consensus effect.
D. the false uniqueness effect.

Answer 10

B. the social facilitation effect.

Question 11

11. In its current meaning, ________ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

A. the groupthink effect
B. the social facilitation effect
C. informational influence
D. social inhibition

Answer 11

B. the social facilitation effect

Question 12

12. Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did ________ when they did not know they were being observed.

A. much worse than
B. better than
C. the same as
D. slightly worse than

Answer 12

B. better than

Question 13

13. In the context of social facilitation, social arousal facilitates:

A. sleeper effects.
B. experimental biases.
C. dominant responses.
D. gender stereotypes.

Answer 13

C. dominant responses.

Question 14

14. According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform ________ when energized by the responses of a supportive audience.

A. much worse
B. best
C. slightly worse
D. better at unlearned tasks

Answer 14

B. best

Question 15

15. If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should boost performance on ________.

A. difficult tasks
B. analytical tasks
C. easy tasks
D. new tasks

Answer 15

C. easy tasks

Question 16

16. Chloe, a 25-year-old woman, tends to eat more food when she dines with her friends than when she eats alone. Which of the following phenomenon explains Chloe’s eating habits?

A. psychological reactance
B. social facilitation
C. autokinetic phenomenon
D. mass hysteria

Answer 16

B. social facilitation

Question 17

17. The concern for how others are assessing us is called:

A. deindividuation.
B. social ostracism.
C. the self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. evaluation apprehension.

Answer 17

D. evaluation apprehension.

Question 18

18. Patrick, an aspiring athlete, finishes his race with a better finishing time when he performs in the presence of an audience. He feels that since every member of the audience watches him, he should do his best. However, he takes extra time to finish a run when he practices alone. Which of the following factors is exemplified in this scenario?

A. deindividuation
B. self-serving bias
C. evaluation apprehension
D. social loafing

Answer 18

C. evaluation apprehension

Question 19

19. Sanders, Baron, and Moore (1978) explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand. They named this explanation:

A. social loafing.
B. social distortion.
C. driven by distraction.
D. deindividuation.

Answer 19

C. driven by distraction.

Question 20

20. Melissa, a young dancer, becomes aware of her audience when she performs on stage, and she also compares her performance with her co-dancers. This awareness motivates her to perform better on stage than while practicing alone. Identify the factor that contributes to Melissa’s performance on stage.

A. social loafing
B. psychological reactance C. driven by distraction
D. deindividuation

Answer 20

C. driven by distraction

Question 21

21. The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has:

A. helped confirm the theory.
B. guided new exploration of research topics.
C. suggested practical applications.
D. been misused by industries.

Answer 21

C. suggested practical applications.

Question 22

22. According to social psychologists, which of the following factors creates arousal in people?

A. evaluation apprehension
B. deindividuation
C. groupthink
D. vanity

Answer 22

A. evaluation apprehension

Question 23

23. According to Ingham’s experiments on social loafing, which of the following is true of the collective effort of tug-of-war teams?

A. Group members were more motivated when performing additive tasks than while performing alone.
B. Members pulled harder when they were alone than when they believed people behind them were also pulling.
C. Members pulled harder when they pulled in groups and when there were other members behind them.
D. Members coordinated their efforts well and pulled the rope in the same direction at the same time when they pulled in groups.

Answer 23

B. Members pulled harder when they were alone than when they believed

Question 24

24. ________ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

A. Social facilitation
B. Social loafing
C. Deindividuation
D. Availability heuristic

Answer 24

B. Social loafing

Question 25

25. Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Sam a: A. social facilitator. B. free loafer. C. free rider. D. social thinker.

Answer 25

C. free rider.

Question 26

26. In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979), participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible. Participants produced the most noise when they: A. thought they were shouting alone. B. thought there was one other person shouting with them. C. thought there were five other people shouting with them. D. were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

Answer 26

A. thought they were shouting alone.

Question 27

27. Caleb, a research student at a university, studies the pattern of solar eclipses along with his friends. However, he does not put much effort into the study and avoids researching for long hours. On the other hand, his friends put a lot of effort in the study, but their performances are not individually identifiable. In this scenario, Caleb most likely exemplifies the role of a ________. A. logroller B. forced rider C. free rider D. bootlegger

Answer 27

C. free rider

Question 28

28. At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was most likely to be characterized by ________; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now most likely to be characterized by ________. A. deindividuation; groupthink B. groupthink; deindividuation C. social loafing; social facilitation D. social facilitation; social loafing

Answer 28

C. social loafing; social facilitation

Question 29

29. When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is ________ and the probability of social loafing is ________. A. high; low B. low; high C. high; high D. low; low

Answer 29

B. low; high

Question 30

30. Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce: A. social facilitation. B. social loafing. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

Answer 30

B. social loafing.

Question 31

31. In the context of social loafing, when the output of collective farms and private plots were compared: A. the collective farms were more productive. B. the private plots were more productive. C. there was little difference between the two. D. the output depended on the relationships within the group.

Answer 31

B. the private plots were more productive.

Question 32

``` 32. When being observed increases evaluation concerns, ________ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, ________ occurs. A. deindividuation; groupthink B. groupthink; deindividuation C. social loafing; social facilitation D. social facilitation; social loafing ```

Answer 32

D. social facilitation; social loafing

Question 33

33. People in groups will loaf less when the: A. task is challenging or appealing. B. task is not involving. C. group members hardly know each other. D. task is not rewarded.

Answer 33

A. task is challenging or appealing.

Question 34

34. People in ________ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in ________ cultures. A. independent; narcissistic B. narcissistic; independent C. collectivistic; individualistic D. individualistic; collectivistic

Answer 34

C. collectivistic; individualistic

Question 35

35. People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if: A. they find the task to be challenging. B. rewards are divided according to individual effort. C. rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort. D. they are individually monitored.

Answer 35

C. rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.

Question 36

36. Social psychologists have accurately predicted that ________ will exhibit less social loafing. A. women B. men C. children D. the elderly

Answer 36

A. women

Question 37

37. Groups tend to loaf less when: A. the members of the group are friends. B. they belong to individualistic cultures. C. the task is easy. D. the rewards are divided equally regardless of the effort.

Answer 37

A. the members of the group are friends.

Question 38

38. In the context of deindividuation, which of the following is true of people's behavior when in groups compared to their behavior when alone? A. People tend to limit their sense of excitement when in a group than they would when alone. B. People feel more responsible and accountable when in a group than they would when alone. C. People are more likely to focus on individual identity when in a group than they would when alone. D. People are more likely to abandon normal restraints when in a group than they would when alone.

Answer 38

D. People are more likely to abandon normal restraints when in a group than they would when alone.

Question 39

39. When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of: A. self-realization. B. reactance. C. deindividuation. D. groupthink.

Answer 39

C. deindividuation.

Question 40

40. In which of the following situations will deindividuation most likely occur? A. when the group size is large B. when individuals in a group are completely self-aware of their activities C. when individuals lose their sense of anonymity D. when there is an absence of distracting activities

Answer 40

A. when the group size is large

Question 41

41. Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were: A. more likely to be forgiving. B. less likely to be victorious. C. less likely to commit vandalism. D. more likely to brutalize their victims.

Answer 41

D. more likely to brutalize their victims.

Question 42

42. Nathan, a young adult, posts some hate messages about a particular community using a fake profile he created on a social networking website. Police find it difficult to trace him immediately as his declared information is wrong. Which of the following factors would have most likely encouraged Nathan's act? A. group size B. anonymity C. arousing activities D. social role

Answer 42

B. anonymity

Question 43

43. Whenever your friend Ted surfs online, he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address. Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of ________ in deindividuation. A. group size B. anonymity C. arousing activities D. self-esteem

Answer 43

B. anonymity

Question 44

44. Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light? A. the driver of a moped B. the driver of a convertible with the top down C. the driver of a convertible with the top up D. the driver of a motorcycle

Answer 44

C. the driver of a convertible with the top up

Question 45

45. On Halloween night, Diener and her colleagues (1976) conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area. Given a chance to steal candy, the children who were ________ were most likely to commit transgressions. A. anonymous and alone B. anonymous and in a group C. frustrated and alone D. frustrated and in a group

Answer 45

B. anonymous and in a group

Question 46

46. Which of the following factors contributes to deindividuation? A. group size B. rationalization C. self-censorship D. individual values

Answer 46

A. group size

Question 47

47. Using a disguised name, Ben sends threat emails and bullies his school friends on various online forums. This is an example of deindividuation that is primarily based on ________. A. group size B. physical anonymity C. distracting activities D. self-handicapping

Answer 47

B. physical anonymity

Question 48

48. From their analysis of 60 deindividuation studies, Postmes and Spears (1998) concluded that being anonymous makes an individual ________ than when he or she is alone. A. more responsive to situational cues B. more self-conscious C. less group-conscious D. less risk-taking in ambiguous situations

Answer 48

A. more responsive to situational cues

Question 49

49. One effect of deindividuation is: A. diminished self-restraint. B. increased self-awareness. C. social facilitation. D. a risky shift.

Answer 49

A. diminished self-restraint.

Question 50

50. A looting mob is a good example of: A. social loafing. B. minority influence. C. deindividuation. D. social ostracism.

Answer 50

C. deindividuation.