Chapter 8-Microbiology

Question 1

Flagella

Answer 1

Enable movement

Question 2

Pili

Answer 2

Hairlike appendage, sticks to surfaces

Question 3

Capsule

Answer 3

Sticky layer of polysaccharides or protein

Question 4

Cell wall

Answer 4

Maintains shape, protects

Question 5

Endospore

Answer 5

Inner cell, survive harsh conditions, re-grow bacteria

Question 6

Bacterial shapes

Answer 6

Bacilli- rod-shape
Cocci- spherical shape
Spirilla- spiral/cork screw

Question 7

Gram staining (positive or negative)

1. Simple or complex
2. Thick or thin
3. Peptidoglycan amount
4. Stained color

Answer 7

Gram positive:
1. Simple 2. Thick 3. More pept. 4. Purple

Gram negative:
1. Complex 2. Thin 3. Less pept. 4. Pink, red

Question 8

Halophile
Thermophile
Methanogens

Answer 8

Salt lovers
Heat lovers
Give off methane as waste

Question 9

Bioremediation

Answer 9

Use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, water, or air
Ex. Oil spills, sewage facilities

Question 10

Archaebacteria vs eubacteria

Answer 10

Arch- harsh

Eu- You, common

Question 11

Binary fission

Answer 11

Replicates DNA in bacteria, divides in half, asexual

Question 12

Genetic recombination (allows for genetic variation)

1. Conjugation
2. Transduction
3. Transformation

Answer 12

1. 2 bacteria exchange DNA
2. Virus carries genes from previous host to new one
3. DNA taken from surroundings

Question 13

Plasmid

Answer 13

Small DNA molecule carries genes, involved in conjugation

Question 14

1. Obligate aerobe
2. Obligate anaerobe
3. Faculative aerobe

Answer 14

1. Requires constant oxygen
2. Requires absence of oxygen
3. Can survive with or without oxygen

Question 15

Exotoxin vs endotoxin

Answer 15

Exotoxin- Secreted by bacterial cells (ex. Food poisoning)

Endotoxin- Components of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (ex. Fever)

Question 16

Vaccine

Answer 16

Weakened or dead versuon of disease, little bit introduced to body

Question 17

Antibody and Antigen

Answer 17

Protein found in blood protects body against antigens

Antigen- Foreign molecule elicits immune response

Question 18

Antibiotics

Answer 18

Substance kills/slows down growth of bacteria

Question 19

Antibiotic types
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Macrolide

Answer 19

P- Interferes with ability to sythesize cell wall
T- prevent tRNA from binding to mRNA
M- prevent bonding of amino acids to polypeptide

Question 20

Germ theory-
Semmelweis
Pasteur
Koch
Lister
Fleming

Answer 20

1. Importance of handwashing
2. Created vaccines for rabies, anthrax
3. Founder of modern bacteriology
4. Father of antiseptic surgery
5. Discovered first antibiotic, pencillin

Question 21

Peptidoglycan

Answer 21

Substance makes up cell wall in bacteria

Question 22

Viral infection (cycles)
Lytic, lysogenic

Answer 22

Lytic- kill their host cells immediately

Lysogenic- don’t kill host cells right away

Question 23

Prophage

Answer 23

Viral DNA within host DNA (lysogenic)

Question 24

Bacteriophage

Answer 24

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 25

Capsid

Answer 25

Protein coat-enables virus to enter host

Question 26

Virus

Answer 26

DNA or RNA core, capsid

Question 27

Host cells

Answer 27

Location viruses reproduce inside

Question 28

Retrovirus

Answer 28

Contain RNA instead of DNA | Ex. HIV->Aids

Question 29

Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 29

Enzyme used by retroviruses to convert RNA into DNA

Question 30

How disease is spread

Answer 30

1. Physical contact 2. Contaminated food/water 3. Infected animals