alleles
an alternative version of a gene
trait
variant of a character found within a population
true-breeding
sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents
hybridization
the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids
dominant
most important, powerful, or influentia
recessive
characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents
what are the three generations that Mendel studies
P, F1, and F2
what are the four concepts that make up Mendel’s model
- alternative versions of genes account (alleles) for variation in inherited characters
- for each trait an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
- if two alleles differ, then one (dominant) determines the organism’s appearance and the other allele (recessive) has no noticeable effect
- law of segregation: that the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
homozygous
having two identical alleles for a given gene
heterozygous
having two different alleles for a given gene
phenotype
the expressed traits of an organism
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
what is the law of independent assortment
each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
most genes exist in populations..
in more than two allelic forms (multiple alleles)
what is incomplete dominance
offspring can have an appearance between the phenotype of the two parents
codominance
offspring can display two dominant phenotypes at the same time
