PSYCH 105 MIDTERM > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language

A

system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and that convey meaning

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2
Q

what is grammar?

A

set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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3
Q

what is special about human language?

A
  • more complex than other forms of communication
  • involves words representing intangible things
  • used to think and conceptualize
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4
Q

what are the basic characteristics of human language

A

phonemes and morphemes

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5
Q

what is a phoneme

A

a unit of sound in a specified language, also contains phonological rules

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6
Q

what is a morpheme

A

unit of language that cannot be divided further (ex: in, come, -ing in “incoming”)
contains morphological rule and syntactical rules

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7
Q

what is interesting about children learning language?

A
  • children learn language at an astonishing rate
  • children make few errors while learning to speak compared to adults learning a new language
  • childrens comprehension of language develops faster than their language production
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8
Q

what is telegraphic speech?

A

deviod of function morphemes and consists of content words

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9
Q

What age can people distinguish between all human phonemes

A

before 6 months of age

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10
Q

what comes first language comprehension or production

A

comprehension

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11
Q

what is linguistic relativity

A

proposal that the language we speak influences how we think about the world

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12
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

a phase where a child can most easily/is most likely to pick up a skill effectively
- it is easier to acquire language during this time

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13
Q

if you speak more than one language you score higher on IQ tests and are less susceptible to Alzheimers

A

True, it leads to an increase in grey matter

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14
Q

What is the behaviourist explanation for language

A
  • language is learnt through operant conditioning and imitation
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15
Q

What are some of the concerns in relationship to the behaviourist explanation for language

A
  • parents spend little time teaching language, kids generate more than what they hear, errors made cannot be explained through conditioning or imitation
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16
Q

What is the nativist explanation for language

A

language is innate/biological

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17
Q

what is the nativist language theory

A

language development is best explained as an innate biological capacity

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18
Q

what is universal grammar

A

collection of processes that facilitate language learning

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19
Q

What is the interactionist explanation for language

A
  • social interactions play a crucial role in language
  • social experience interacts with innate, biological abilities
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20
Q

What is brocas area responsible for

A

language production, located in the left frontal cortex

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21
Q

what is wernickes area responsible for

A

language comprehension, located in the left temporal cortex

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22
Q

what is aphasia

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending languge

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23
Q

what is brocas aphasia

A

difficulty speaking but what you say makes sense

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24
Q

what is wernickes aphasia

A

can speak but what you say doesnt make sense

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25
what is the arcuate fasciculus
axons taht connect brocas area and wernickes area
26
what allows for the development of language during brain maturation
localization of functions
27
what is double dissociation
different brain areas have separate functions
28
what is linguistic relativity hypothesis
idea that language shapes the nature of thought, newer studies doubt this theory
29
who developed the linguistic relativity hypothesis
benjamin whorf
30
what is a concept
mental representation that groups or categories share features of related objects/events/stimuli - rules that specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in a category
31
necessary condition
something that must be true of the object to belong in a category
32
sufficient condition
something that, if its true of the object, proves it belongs in a category
33
prototype theory
new objects tend to be classified by comparing a new instance with stored memories for some other category cases
34
what is the left hemisphere and visual cortex involved in
forming prototypes
35
what is the right hemisphere, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia involved in
active in recognizing exemplars
36
what does exemplar based learning involve
analysis and decision making
37
what does prototype formation involve
is more holistic and involves image processing
38
What is category specific deficit
neurological syndrome characterized by the inability to recognize objects that belong to a certain category (ability to recognize objects outside the category is disturbed
39
rational choice theory
classical view that decisions are made by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome and multiplying by 2
40
availability heuristic
items more readily available in memory are judged as having occured more frequently
41
heuristic
fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee a solution will be reached
42
algorithm
well defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem in contrast to heruistics
43
representative heuristic
mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event
44
conjunction fallacy
people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event
45
framing effects
people give different answers to the same problem depending on how it is phrased
46
sunk cost fallacy
people make decisions based on what they have already invested in the situation
47
optimism bias
people believe that they will experience more positive and less negative events than other people more prominent in north america rather than people from eastern cultures
48
prospect theory
people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains - people simplifiy available info and chose the prospect with the best value
49
what happens to people with prefrontal lobe damage in relationship to decision making
do not show emotional reactions during risky decision making insensitivity to future consequences
50
insight
immediate solution arises when the representation of the problem space is changed - "Aha!" moment
51
means end analysis
problem solving technique, breaking down a problem into sub categories or goals
52
what are the steps in means end analysis
analyze the goal state analyze the current state list the differences reduce the list of differences (direct means, generate subgoal, find similar problem with a solution)
53
algorithmic analysis
almost always guaranteed solution where you apply a system or formula to a problem ex: systematic testing
54
analogical problem solving
using previously successful strategies
55
What does insight need in order to work
spontaneous restructuring of a problem/unconscious incremental processes the problem can be impacted by processes outside conscious awareness
56
mental set
brains tendency to stick with the most familiar solution any type of pattern that automatically comes up ex: reading
57
what are some obstacles to problem solving
functional fixedness extra imposed constraints mental set
58
what is reasoning
mental activity that consists of organizing information/beliefs into a series of steps to reach a conclusion
59
what is belief bias
judgements about whether to accept conclusions depends on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid
60
syllogistic reasoning
determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true include belief laden trials and reasoning and belief neutral trials and reasoning
61
illusory truth effect
occurs when repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people will judge the statement to be true
62
what increases the familiarity of a statement
repeated exposure, is mistakenly accepted as evidence for the truth
63
illusion of explanatory depth
illusion that occurs when people overestimate the depth of their understanding - reasoning and truth may be undermined
64
what does research indicate in regards to the illusion of explanatory depth
asking people to explain basic concepts/ issues helps them realize they dont fully understand the topic
PSYCH 105 MIDTERM
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