Chapter 9

Question 1

What is the skeletal system composed of? (5 things)

Answer 1

• Bones
• Cartilage
• Joints
• Ligaments
• Tendons

Question 2

What is the purpose of ligaments?

Answer 2

It holds bone to bone at joints

Question 3

What is the purpose of tendons?

Answer 3

Connects muscles to bones

Question 4

What is the purpose of bones?

Answer 4

Shapes the body and serves as attachment sites for muscles

Question 5

What is the purpose of cartilage?

Answer 5

It is a component of joints and aids in support of movement

Question 6

Define osteology

Answer 6

It is the study of bones

Question 7

What type of tissue are bones classified under

Answer 7

Connective tissue with hard matrix

Question 8

Define mineralization (calcification)

Answer 8

It is the process of hardening

Question 9

What tissues are present in bones? (5 types)

Answer 9

• Connective Tissue
• Adipose Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Fibrous Tissue
• Cartilage

Question 10

What are the four shapes of bones with examples?

Answer 10

• Flat (ex. ribs)
• Long (ex. humerus)
• Short (ex. carpals)
• Irregular (ex. vertebrae)

Question 11

Where is the trabeculae found?

Answer 11

In the spongy bone

Question 12

What are the bone cells?

Answer 12

• Osteogenic cells
• Osteoblasts cells
• Osteocytes cells
• Osteoclasts cells

Question 13

What are osteoblasts cells for?

Answer 13

Building bones

Question 14

What are osteocytes?

Answer 14

Mature bone cells

Question 15

What is lacunae?

Answer 15

Cavities that house osteocytes

Question 16

How do osteocytes communicate with osteoblasts?

Answer 16

Via gap junctions

Question 17

When do osteocytes communicate with osteoblasts?

Answer 17

When osteocytes detect stress

Question 18

When do osteoblasts become osteocyte cells?

Answer 18

As they begin to mature

Question 19

What is canaliculi?

Answer 19

Small channels / canals

Question 20

What is the function of canaliculi?

Answer 20

They allow the exchange of nutrients, waste, and signals through the bone matrix

Question 21

Describe osteoclasts cells

Answer 21

They are bone dissolving macriphasges

Question 22

When do osteoclasts cells destroy bones

Answer 22

When they receive signals from osteoblasts cells

Question 23

How do osteoclasts cells destroy bones

Answer 23

It produces Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) and it dissolves the bone matrix

Question 24

What is the bone matrix composed of

Answer 24

one third organic and two thirds inorganic

Question 25

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

Answer 25

Osteon

Question 26

What does the central canal carry

Answer 26

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 27

What is the central canal combined with the lamella called

Answer 27

An osteon

Question 28

What does an osteon contain

Answer 28

The central canal and the lamella

Question 29

How does central (haversian) canal travel?

Answer 29

Up and down

Question 30

How does perforating canals travel along the bone

Answer 30

transversely

Question 31

What is spicules

Answer 31

Small cells that are laid down in the new cell bone matrix

Question 32

What is the function of trabeculae bones

Answer 32

Helps the bone resist bending and twisting

Question 33

Where are trabeculae bones found

Answer 33

In spongy bones

Question 34

What are the two types of marrow?

Answer 34

- Red marrow - Yellow marrow

Question 35

What happens in the red marrow

Answer 35

Formation of red and white blood cells

Question 36

Where is the bone marrow located in spongy bone

Answer 36

They are the spaces between the spongy bones

Question 37

Where is the bone marrow located within osteons

Answer 37

They are the large central canals within the osteon

Question 38

Where is the bone marrow located in long bones

Answer 38

They are in medullary cavities of long bones

Question 39

What is bone formation called

Answer 39

Ossification OR osteogenesis

Question 40

What is ossification

Answer 40

Bone formation

Question 41

What are the two types of ossification

Answer 41

Intramembranous and Endochondral

Question 42

What does ossification begin with?

Answer 42

It begins with mesenchyme

Question 43

What is mesenchyme?

Answer 43

An embryonic connective tissue

Question 44

What does intramembranous ossification produce?

Answer 44

It produces flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

Question 45

Which form of ossification do most bones develop under

Answer 45

Endochondral ossification

Question 46

When do the chondrocytes die during the process of endochondral ossification?

Answer 46

During the formation of the primary ossification center

Question 47

What do osteoblasts do

Answer 47

they deposit the organic matrix, which is the osteoid tissue

Question 48

What enlarges the marrow space during the stages of endochondral ossification

Answer 48

Combined activity of the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts is what enlarges the marrow cavity

Question 49

What breaks down the trabeculae

Answer 49

Osteoclasts

Question 50

Where does the secondary ossification center appear in

Answer 50

It appears in the epiphysis

Question 51

When is cartilage transformed into bone

Answer 51

In the metaphysis

Question 52

When do the gaps between the epiphysis and diaphysis close

Answer 52

They close when metaphysis stage is achieved in 19 20 year olds

Question 53

Where does growth and length occur

Answer 53

They occur in the metaphysis

Question 54

What's Wolff's law?

Answer 54

Bones growth and remodel is determined by mechanical stress

Question 55

What does Vitamin D do?

Answer 55

Support absorption of calcium

Question 56

What does Vitamin C do?

Answer 56

Promotes collagen cross-linking

Question 57

What does Vitamin A do?

Answer 57

Promote formation of protein-carb fibers

Question 58

Which Vitamins are crucial for maintaining organic compounds and bone matrix?

Answer 58

Vitamins A and C

Question 59

Describe calcium and phosphate's purpose

Answer 59

They are raw materials to build ground substance

Question 60

Where is Calcitonin secreted

Answer 60

In the thyroid

Question 61

What does Calcitonin stimulate

Answer 61

Osteoblasts