what is an early step in establishing a casual relationship between two variables
correlational result
experimentation
instead of measuring both variables, one is manipulated while the other is measured
what helps researchers rule out a third-variable explanation?
multiple regression analysis
what approach provides results to many correlational studies that prove a single, casual theory
patterns and parsimony approach
what design involves more than two measured variables ?
a multivariate design
what are the three criteria for establishing causation?
covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
what design measures the same variables in the same people at several points over time?
longitudinal design
What correlation tests whether two variables measured at the same time are correlated?
cross-sectional correlations
What correlation tests the correlation of one variable with itself measured on two different occasions?
autocorrelation
what correlation test whether the earlier measure of one variable is associated with the later measure of the other variable?
cross-lag correlation
What statistical technique works to rule out third variables to address internal validity ?
multiple regression
what variable is the one that researchers are most interested in understanding/predicting?
criterion (dependent) variable
what variables are the other variables that are measured, not predicted?
predictor (independent) variables
what value, similar to r, is associated with a predictor variable that represents the relationship between that predictor and the criterion variable?
beta
what is one downfall of multivariate designs?
they might not establish temporal precedence
what is the degree to which a scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of phenomenon/ pattern of data ?
parsimony
what variable explains the reason why one variable can predict another?
mediator variable
why do mediation hypotheses require temporal precedence and covariance ?
because they are causal claims which have three criteria
what variable changes the impact of the independent variable on the dependent?
moderator variable
When two variable are correlated but only because they are both linked to a third variable
third-variable problem
what are the four major validities?
construct, external, internal, and statistical
this claim argues that a level of one variable is related to a specific level of another
association claim
describes the relationship between two things that occur together in a way not expected by chance
correlation
the extent to which the test or measure accurately assesses what its supposed to
construct validity
