Chapter 9

Question 0

Arabian peninsula

Answer 0

Fiercely independent clans & tribes

Question 1

Birth of Islam

Answer 1

Unlike most religions/cultures it emerged from a marginal region

Question 2

Arabia had important east-west trade routes

Answer 2

Mecca (became major center), Kaaba (shrine), qurYsh

Question 3

Arabia was __________ area

Answer 3

Sedentary, agricultural

Question 4

Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism spread among the Arabs

Answer 4

Identified Allah w/ Yahweh

Question 5

Revelations recorded in

Answer 5

Quaran

Question 6

New teachings

Answer 6

1. Monotheistic
2. Muhammad as “seal of prophets”
3. Return to old pure religion of Abraham
4. Need to create new society of social justice -equality & care for others (umma)

Question 7

Core message summarized in 5 pillars of Islam

Answer 7

Prayer 5x a day
Fasting
General giving
Pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 8

Jihad

Answer 8

“Struggle” sometimes called sixth pillar

Greater jihad -personal spiritual striving

Question 9

The transformation of Arabia

Answer 9

1. Muhammad attracted a small following
2. Rapid expansion throughout Arabia
   
   • • military success through alliances
   • • large scale conversion

Question 10

Fundamental differences between births of Christianity and Islam

Answer 10

1. Islam didn’t grow up as persecuted minority
2. Islam did not separate church from state
3. Muhammad was a religious, political, and military leader
4. Islam did not have
   
   • • seperate religious organization
   • • professional clergy
   • • distinction between religious and civil law

Question 11

Sharia

Answer 11

One law for everything

Question 12

Making of Arab empire

Answer 12

1. Arab grew to include all parts of Rome, byz, Persian, & Indian civs
2. Arabic culture and language spread widely
3. Islam as the new 3rd wave civilization

Question 13

War and conquest of the Arab empire

Answer 13

1. Arabic conquest was a continuation of long term raiding
2. New Level of political organization
3. Pit weakened the Persian and byz empires

Question 14

War and conquest limited the Arab expansion

Answer 14

1. Took one half of Byzantine
2. Conquered Spain, attacked France
3. Arabs crushed Chinese army

Question 15

Reasons for Arabic expansion

Answer 15

1. Economic: capture trade routes & agricultural regions
2. Ind Arabs sought wealth and social pattern
3. Communal: conq helped hold the umma together
4. Religious: brought riotous government to conq.

Question 16

Jizya

Answer 16

Special tax paid by non-Muslims so they could practice their own religion

Question 17

Conversion to Islam:

Initial conversions for many were _____________ conversions

Answer 17

Social

No deep spiritual change

Question 18

Conversion:

Islands kingship to Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism ___________

Answer 18

Made it attractive

Question 19

State provided incentives for conversion

Answer 19

1. Earliest coverts were slaves and POW
2. Converts didn’t pay the jizya
3. Islam favored commerce
4. Social climbers were helped by conversions

Question 20

There were some resistance to conversions

Answer 20

Berbers in Africa, some Spanish, etc

Question 21

Divisions in the Islamic world

Answer 21

1. Central problem: who would serve as a successor to Muhammad
2. Sunni and Shia split of Islam

Question 22

Caliph

Answer 22

Successor to Muhammad

Question 23

Sunni

Answer 23

• caliphs as rightful political & military leaders chosen by Islamic community

Question 24

Shia Muslims

Answer 24

- leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad

Question 25

Sunni & Shia conflict

Answer 25

- started out as political turned to religious - frequently revolted - developed idea that defeated leaders

Question 26

Overtime caliphs became

Answer 26

Absolute monarchs | & hereditary leaders

Question 27

Islamic law addressed most aspects of

Answer 27

Social & religious life

Question 28

Sufis

Answer 28

Mystics seeking direct experience w/Divine

Question 29

Women and men in early Islam

Answer 29

- Spiritually women and men were equal but socially women were subordinate especially in marriage - played public role in early Islam

Question 30

Quaran helped women in some ways

Answer 30

Consent to marriage Right to own property Etc

Question 31

growing restrictions of women

Answer 31

Under Abbasids - veiling and seclusion - lower class no luxury of seclusion

Question 32

Hadiths developed more negative images of women

Answer 32

.

Question 33

Arab empire disintegrated politically by 10th century

Answer 33

Islamic civ flourished and expanded

Question 34

Islam and the case of India

Answer 34

- Turkic speaking invaders brought Islam to India - emergence of Muslim communities - 20-25% of Indians converted to Islam - many Hindus served as Muslim leaders

Question 35

Deep Muslim and Hindu division

Answer 35

- Monotheism vs polytheism | - equality of believers vs caste system

Question 36

Islam and the case of Anatolia

Answer 36

- Turks invaded Anatolia (same time as India) - major destruction - 90% of pop was Muslim - Sufis replaced Christian institutions - freer life for women persisted

Question 37

Islam and the case of West Africa

Answer 37

- Islam came peacefully with traders, not conquest - Islam spread mostly in urban centers - - provided links to Muslim trading networks - several west African cities became Islamic centers - no sig Arab immigration

Question 38

Islam and the case of Spain

Answer 38

- Arab conquered most of Spain - Islam didn't overwhelm Christianity - most adopted Arabian culture not religion - religious toleration (broke down) -- Muslim ruled region limitation on Christianity -

Question 39

Islam as a new civilization

Answer 39

- Islam civ held together by Islam practice & beliefs - system of education - Sufism

Question 40

Islamic world immense arena of exchange of goods, technology, and ideas

Answer 40

- valued commerce - exchange of agricultural products & practices b/w regions - diffusion of technology - exchange of ideas - - Persian beaurocratic practice - - Ancient Greek texts - -