Chapter 9

Question 1

primary structure

Answer 1

-sequence of amino acids that form polypeptide chain

Question 2

secondary structure

Answer 2

• involves hydrogen bonding between AA

- alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Question 3

tertiary structure

Answer 3

• protein folding
• 3D
• hydrophilic R groups bend towards outer surface
• hyrdophobic R groups bend towards inside

Question 4

quaternary structure

Answer 4

• complexes of multiple polypeptides

- protein-subunit interactions

Question 5

eukaryotic translation

Answer 5

• large subunit of ribosome is 60s
• ribosome initially binds 5’ end of mRNA
• occurs in cytoplasm
• mRNA has 5’ cap and poly-A tail

Question 6

prokaryotic translation

Answer 6

• has multiple ribosome binding sites

- ribsome is 70s and free-floating

Question 7

three stages of translation

Answer 7

1. initiation- ribosomal subunit binds with tRNA to mRNA
2. elongation- amino acids are added to polypeptide chain
3. termination- ribosome dissociated from mRNA

Question 8

RNA polymerase role in transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 8

adds RNA nucleotide to growing RNA using a DNA template

Question 9

nucleus role in transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 9

contains DNA in the cell

Question 10

promoter role in transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 10

region of DNA that recruits the transcriptional machinery

Question 11

tRNA role in translation in eukaryotes

Answer 11

carries an amino acid to ribosomes and binds to mRNA

Question 12

ribosome role in translation in eukaryotes

Answer 12

an organelle where proteins are constructed

Question 13

2 negatively charged and acidic amino acids

Answer 13

D (asp)

E (Glu)

Question 14

3 positively charged and basic amino acids

Answer 14

K (Lys)
R (Arg)
H (His)

Question 15

5 uncharged and polar amino acids

Answer 15

S (Ser)
T (Thr)
N (Asn)
Q (Gln)
Y (Tyr)

Question 16

10 uncharged and nonpolar amino acids

Answer 16

A, V, P, L, I, F, C, G

W (Trp) and M (Met)

Question 17

roles of the functional domain of proteins

Answer 17

• serves as active site in catalyzing chemical reactions
• anchors the molecule within the plasma membrane
• binds with ligand

Question 18

number of aminoacyl synthesis

Answer 18

20, one for each AA

Question 19

what recognizes AUG start codon

Answer 19

n-formyl Met tRNA

Question 20

shine-dalgarno sequence

Answer 20

aids in ribosome binding to mRNA

Question 21

2 start codons

Answer 21

Met (M) -> AUG

Trp (W) -> UGG

Question 22

3 stop codons

Answer 22

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 23

wobble hypothesis

Answer 23

3rd position of nucleotide does not have to match tRNA anticodon