synarthroses
immovable joints made from fibers or cartilage
very strong
amphiarthroses
joints will little movement and made from fibers or cartilage
diarthrosis/ synovial
joints with free movement and at the end of long bones
what are the four types of synarthroses joints and what is their structural classification? Give an example of each.
- suture- made from dense fibrous connective tissue
ex. sutures found the the skull - gomphosis- made from fibrous connective (periodontal ligament)
ex. binds teeth to sockets - synchondrosis- made from a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
ex. epiphyseal cartilage of long bones of CHILDREN and between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum - synostosis- fused bones
ex. epiphyseal lines of long bones or the metric suture of the skull
what are the two types of amphiarthroses and what is their structural classification? Give an example of each.
- syndesmosis- connected by ligaments
ex. tibia and fibula or radius and the ulna - symphysis- bones separated by fibrocartilage
ex. pubis symphysis
what are the components needed to make a synovial joint/ diarthroses and what is their purpose?
- hyaline cartilage- reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
- synovial fluid- lubricates the joint
- synovial membrane- provides synovial fluid
- fibrous joint capsule- It is attaches to the periosteum (layer) of the articulating bones
- ligament- joins bone to bone
- tendon- joins muscle to bone enabling movement
hyaline cartilage is..
smooth, brittle, glass-like, and heals poorly
what is the most common type of arthritis that is resulted from damage to the cartilage?
osteoarthritis
what is the function of synovial fluid?
- lubrication- weeping cartilage like a sponge-filled with synovial fluid (slick surface)
- nutrient distribution- chondrocytes receive nutrient through a vacuum created by movement
- shock absorption- viscosity increases with pressure and decreases or thins with less pressure
what are the four accessory structures of joints and what is their function?
- meniscus- tough fibrocartilage articular disc (knee and TMJ)
- fat pad- fill in empty spaces when joints move
- ligament- support [extracapsular = patellar ligament (lateral MCL and LCL)] [intracapsular = cruciate ligaments (cross ACL and PCL)]
- bursae- protects where a tendon or ligament rub against each other; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
what is adventitious bursae?
abnormal occurrence due to distorted movement
what are the factors that stabilize synovial joints?
- collagen fibers (joint capsule)
- articulating surfaces and menisci
- bones, muscles, fat pads and tendons
what are the synovial joint shapes and what is an exam,e of each?
- gliding joints ( multiaxial or slight non axial) - acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joint
- hinge joints ( monaxial)- elbow, knee and ankle joints
- pivot joints ( monaxial/ rotation)- altantoaxial joint
- condylar joints ( biaxial)- radoiocarpal joint
- saddle joints (biaxial)- frist carpometacarpal joint
- ball and socket joints (triaxial)- shoulder and hip joints
what factors affect bone strength?
- age
- stress
- hormone stress
- calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
- genetic and environmental factors
affects of aging on the bones
bone mass decreases and bones weaken, there is also an increase risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture
