Chapter 9- Automatic Nervous system

Question 1

Many visceral organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. these organs are described as having ___ innervation

Answer 1

dual

Question 2

List the effectors of the automatic nervous system

Answer 2

• smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle
• glands

Question 3

the term “ craniosacral division” describes the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

parasympathetic

Question 4

Cholinergic receptors are of two types: ___ and ___.

Answer 4

• nicotinic

- muscarinic

Question 5

The automatic nervous system is responsible for the innervation of ____

Answer 5

glands

Question 6

Rest and digest functions are the responsibility of the ____ nervous system

Answer 6

parasympathetic

Question 7

A(n) _____ is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, blocks the action of the neurotransmitter

Answer 7

antagonist

Question 8

Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

Answer 8

• norepinephrine

- epinephrine

Question 9

List the catecholamine neurotransmitters

Answer 9

• epinephrine
• dopamine
• norepinephrine

Question 10

Terminal ganglia are associated with the ___ division of the automatic nervous system

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

List examples of cholinergic neurons

Answer 11

• sympathetic preganglionic neurons
• all somatic motor neurons
• parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
• parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 12

Cholinergic neurons are those that release _____ as their neurotransmitter

Answer 12

acetylcholine

Question 13

The effect of acetylcholine release from the somatic neurons is always _____ while the effect of acetylcholine release from automatic neurons can be either excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 13

excitatory

Question 14

List the locations of nicotinic receptors

Answer 14

• within automatic ganglia
• in the CNS
• at neuromuscular junctions

Question 15

The fight or flight response is due to activation of the ____ division of the automatic nervous system

Answer 15

sympathetic

Question 16

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla results in release of :

Answer 16

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 17

______ neurons are those that release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter

Answer 17

adrenergic

Question 18

Tissue response to sympathetic adrenergic stimulation:

Answer 18

can be stimulatory or inhibitory

Question 19

List several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation

Answer 19

• arrector pili muscles
• adrenal medulla
• sweat glands

Question 20

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are classified as ___ neurons

Answer 20

cholinergic

Question 21

the ____ nerves are formed sympathetic preganglionic fibers running from the paravertebral ganglia to the collateral ganglia

Answer 21

splanchnic

Question 22

List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Answer 22

• Vagus
• glossopharyngeal
• oculomotor
• facial

Question 23

Acetylcholine released by preganglionic neurons will have an ____ effect on the postganglionic neurons

Answer 23

excitatory

Question 24

The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, ____ glossopharyngeal and vagus

Answer 24

facial

Question 25

A(n) is a drug that when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, promotes the same effects as the neurotransmitter

Answer 25

agonist

Question 26

Adrenergic neurons release ____ as a neurotransmitter

Answer 26

norepinephrine

Question 27

Name some of the organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord

Answer 27

- reproductive organs | - bladder

Question 28

The paravertebral ganglia are the site of synapses between most pre- and postganglionic neurons of the____ division of the automatic nervous system

Answer 28

sympathetic

Question 29

The paravertebral ganglia are also termed ____

Answer 29

sympathetic chains

Question 30

A fight or flight response is due to ____

Answer 30

widespread activation of the sympathetic system

Question 31

List several organs innervated by parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve

Answer 31

- stomach, pancreas | - lungs and heart

Question 32

The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is considered the thoracolumbar division, based on the region of the spinal cord where its preganglionic neurons arise

Answer 32

sympathetic

Question 33

Beta-adrenergic stimulation causes relaxation of ___ muscle but increased contraction of ___ muscle

Answer 33

smooth , cardiac

Question 34

Contraction of smooth muscle is the result of stimulation of ____ adrenergic receptos

Answer 34

a1

Question 35

Since they are ligand-gated ion channels depolarization when opened, nicotinic cholinergic receptors always elicit an ____ response in the postsynaptic cell

Answer 35

excitatory

Question 36

Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synpase at:

Answer 36

terminal ganglia within target organs

Question 37

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from

Answer 37

- pons, medulla oblongata - midbrain - sacral spinal cord

Question 38

Neurotransmitter molecules are released from enlarged areas called _____ found along postganglionic axons

Answer 38

varicosities

Question 39

Skeletal muscle is innervated by ____ motor neurons while cardiac muscle is innervated by ___ motor neurons

Answer 39

somatic,autonomic

Question 40

By category, _____ neurons carry signals away form the brain

Answer 40

motor

Question 41

sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the splanchnic nerves synapse with postganglionic fibers within the ___ also called the ____ ganglia

Answer 41

collateral, prevertebral

Question 42

A(n) ____ motor pathway consists of two sequential neurons

Answer 42

autonomic

Question 43

Tonic sympathetic activity implies that

Answer 43

there is a continual low level of activity

Question 44

Acetylcholine released by preganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors

Answer 44

nicotinic

Question 45

Name the structures indicated in the figure

Answer 45

paravertebral ganglia

Question 46

the paravertebral ganglia form the chains of ___ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column

Answer 46

sympathetic

Question 47

The glossopharyngeal nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that synapse with postganglionic fibers at the ____ ganglia

Answer 47

otic

Question 48

the stimulation of almost all postganglionic sympathetic neurons is a result of the phenomenon called:

Answer 48

mass activation

Question 49

List an example of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on an organ

Answer 49

parasympathetic stimulation decreasing heart rate; sympathetic stimulation increasing heart rate

Question 50

Sympathetic regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and other gorans is ______ meaning that there is always some level of stimulation occurring

Answer 50

tonic

Question 51

Describe the result of mass activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 51

stimulation of the entire sympathetic system

Question 52

The ____ gland is innervated by fibers from the submandibular ganglion

Answer 52

submandibular

Question 53

By category____ neurons carry signals away from the brain

Answer 53

motor

Question 54

Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers will bind to ___ receptors

Answer 54

muscarinic

Question 55

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ___ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ

Answer 55

vagus

Question 56

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ____ ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated while the ____ ganglionic fibers are myelinated

Answer 56

post, pre

Question 57

name the structures indicated in the figure

Answer 57

rami communicantes

Question 58

Smooth muscle may be more responsive to stimulating agents after its nerve supply has been damaged due to a phenomenon called ____ _____

Answer 58

denervation hypersensitivity

Question 59

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers within the ____ nerve originate at nuclei within the medulla oblongata

Answer 59

vagus

Question 60

The ____ ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve

Answer 60

ciliary

Question 61

The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal ____ and the adrenal ____

Answer 61

cortex, medulla,

Question 62

Stimulation of ____ cholinergic receptors always elicits excitatory responses because they are ligand-gated ion channels that cause depolarization when open

Answer 62

nicotinic

Question 63

The sympathetic nervous system is the ___ division of the automatic nervous system

Answer 63

thoracolumbar

Question 64

Parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, palate, and lacrimal glands involved postganglionic fibers arising from the ____ ganglia

Answer 64

pterygopalatine

Question 65

Autonomic output from the medulla oblongata regarding thirst, hunger, and body temp is influenced by the area of the brain called the _____

Answer 65

hypothalamus

Question 66

list an example of the complementary effects of the sympathetic parasympathetic systems on an organ

Answer 66

parasympathetic stimulation causing cecretion of watery saliva; sympathetic stimulation causeing secretion of viscous saliva

Question 67

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the iris of the ye are examples of rthe ____ effect of these two autonomic systems

Answer 67

antagonistic

Question 68

List examples of collateral ganglia

Answer 68

superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia