define motivation
an inferred process that causes movement towards a goal or away from something unpleasant
what are the 3 influences of motivation
- Direction (goal chosen)
- Persistence (duration of effort)
- Vigour (intensity of effort)
what did Miller 1962 believe
motivation= the push that prods-biological, social, psychological-that defeats laziness and moves us to action
what is the instinct/evolutionary theory of motivation
-instinct= inherited, fixed pattern of behaviour, not learned
-human behaviour is less fixed than animals but shaped by evolutionary pressures
-ex) reflexes in babies
what is the drive reduction theory of motivation
drive=aroused state linked to biological need
-motivation reduces drives to restore homeostasis
-ex) hunger pushes eating, restoring balance
what is the arousal theory of motivation
-motivated to maintain optimal arousal
what is Yerkes-Dodson law
optimal arousla depends on task difficulty
-easy task=better with high arousal
-hard task=better with low arousal
what is the incentive theory of motivation
- Intrinsic motivation (doing activity for its own enjoyment)
- Extrinsic motivation (doing activity for reward/punishment)
- Primary incentives (food, pain)
- Secondary incentives (learned)
what are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Psychological (food, water)
- Safety
- Love/belonging (relationships)
- Esteem (respect, achievement)
- Self Actualization (fulfilling potential)
What is the physiology of hunger?
-blood glucose drops–>liver signals brain–> triggers hunger
-saftey signals: stomach digestion, intestinal peptides
what is the GLP1 hormone
-secreted in intestines
-regulates appetite
-decreased GLP1 is linked to obesity
-Medications like ozemspic mimic GLP1 to reduce hunger
how does the hypothalamus play a role in hunger
-hypothalamus regulates appetite
-lesion in ventromedial hypothalamus leads to overeating
what is Prader Willi Syndrome
insatiable appetite
(impossible to satisfy)
what is the set point
a genetically influenced weight range (+_ 10%)
-maintained by metabolism, food intake, fat reserves)
-genes account for 40%-70% of weight variation
what are taste preferences
-universal: carbs boost serotonin -> reduce stress
-its cultural and conditioned
-its adaptive
what is neophobia
fear of new foods
what are some reasons for mindless eating
-plate size
-presence of others
-food variety
describe obesity
when you have excess body fat increasing health risks
what are risks of obesity
-diabetes
-heart disease
-cancer
-arthritis
true of false: identical twins are likely to have similar weight even when raised apart
true
why is it harder for someone who is obese to loose weight
-fat tissue has a lower metabolic rate making it easy to gain weight even when eating a normal amount of food
-dieting lowers metabolism making weight regain very likely
why is obesity easy to develop
our ancestors craved energy rich foods which is now available and cheap in junk food
what’s the social psychology that goes with obesity
-obese people face heavy discrimination leading them to be more depressed and isolated
-weight stigma is stronger than race/gender stigmas in some cases
what are some lifestyle factors of obesity
-lack of exercise
-having fat friends
-bad sleep (appetite hormones don’t function properly)
-fast food and junk food
