Chapter 9 Course Packet

Question 0

Associated structures of the respiratory system

Answer 0

1. ) Nasal cavity
2. ) Epiglottis
3. ) Larynx (voice box)
4. ) Pleurae
5. ) Muscles
6. ) Histology

Question 1

What is the order of the respiratory system tracing pathway?

Answer 1

1. ) Nasal cavity &/or Oral cavity
2. ) Pharynx (throat)
3. ) Larynx (voice box)
4. ) Trachea (windpipe)
5. ) Bronchus > to smaller branches
6. ) Bronchiole
7. ) Alveolar duct
8. ) Alveolar sac
9. ) Alveoli (the actual site of gas exchange)

Question 2

Begin to filter out debris out of the air

Answer 2

Nasal cavity

Question 3

Prevents choking

Answer 3

Epiglottis

Question 4

Cartilage rings give the larynx it’s shape. Vocal cords are epithelium covered elastic ligaments, suspended over the glottis and controlled by skeletal muscle. Voluntary or involuntary.

Answer 4

Larynx (voice box)

Question 5

The outer layer of the pleural sac is connected to the thoracic wall, and the inner layer is directly connected to the outermost layer of the lungs.

Answer 5

Pleurae

Question 6

What is involved in histology?

Answer 6

1. ) Cilia and mucus-secreting cells

2. ) Massive amounts of vascularity

Question 7

Mostly diaphragm, external intercostal, and to a lesser degree, internacostal, abdominal and neck muscles.

Answer 7

Muscles used in respiration

Question 8

What are the muscles involved during normal relaxed breathing?

Answer 8

1. ) Diaphram contracts> dome shape flattens

2. ) External intercostal muscles contract> lifting the rib cage up and out

Question 9

What are the muscles used for forced breathing?

Answer 9

1.) Diaphram contraction
2.) External intercostal contraction
3.) Cervicle (neck) muscles
After inspiration
4.) Internal intercostal muscles contract and pull the thoracic wall down and inward
5.) Abdominal muscles will contract

Question 10

What is the lungs volumes vital capacity?

Answer 10

Tidal volume (≈0.5 L) + Inspiratory Reserve volume + Expiratory Reserve volume

Question 11

What is the total lung capacity?

Answer 11

Vital capacity + Residual volume (≈1.2 L)

Question 12

The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs, consists of inspiration and expiration

Answer 12

Ventilation

Question 13

Process by which the body as a whole acquires O2 for aerobic cellular respiration and disposes of CO2

Answer 13

Respiration

Question 14

What does the respiration consist of?

Answer 14

External respiration and Internal respiration

Question 15

Phase when O2 moves from the alveoli blood; and CO2 from the blood»alveoli

Answer 15

External respiration

Question 16

Phase when O2 moves from the blood»tissues; and CO2 from the tissues»blood

Answer 16

Internal respiration

Question 17

Diffusion of gases like O2 and CO2 with relative concentrations measured in partial pressures. The steeper the gradient, the faster the diffusion

Answer 17

Pressure gradient

Question 18

The surface must be moist because gases will not diffuse across the surface unless it is dissolved in fluid. The greater the surface area, the faster the diffusion

Answer 18

Respiratory surface

Question 19

Where external respiration happens

Answer 19

Alveoli

Question 20

To accomplish external respiration, gases must dissolve into fluid and must cross…

Answer 20

1. A thin layer of the PULMONARY SURFACTANT
2. Simple squamous epithelial cell of the ALVEOLAR WALL
3. The interstitial space or BASEMENT MEMBRANE
4. Simple squamous endothelial cell of CAPILLARY
5. Small amount of PLASMA
6. The cell MEMBRANE OF RBCs

Question 21

Plasma can carry both dissolved O2 and dissolved CO2 but because of hemoglobin’s ability to bind to both O2 and CO2 the carrying capacity of blood (with RBC’s) is increased 70 fold in O2 carrying capacity, and 17 fold in CO2 carrying capacity

Answer 21

Transport specifics

Question 22

Inflammation of tissue lining trachea and bronchi, increase mucus secretion

Answer 22

Sinusitis-bronchitis

Question 23

Inflammation of lung tissue closer to alveoli, fluid buildup in alveoli

Answer 23

Pneumonia

Question 24

Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, if long term=destruction of lung tissue

Answer 24

TB

Question 25

If pleural membranes are punctured, air enters the pleural space, eliminating pressure seal. "Callapsed lung"

Answer 25

Pneumothorax injury

Question 26

Enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls (irreversible), can occur within chronic bronchitis or severe asthma

Answer 26

Emphysema

Question 27

Occurs in premature newborns, due to insufficient pulmonary surfactant

Answer 27

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Question 28

Irritation due to inhalation of small particulate asbestos »Scar tissue can make the lungs inflexible, can also lead to cancer

Answer 28

Asbestosis

Question 29

Lungs of those that make long-term residence in L.A. can appear similar to smokers and have increased risk of developing lung cancer

Answer 29

Smog

Question 30

"Topical carcinogen", increased risk of cancer anywhere the smoker touches, as well as some areas that the smoke doesn't touch (esophagus, pancreas, bladder, etc.) This bronchitis, emphysema, CHD, decreases in immunity and healing capacity adds up to a shortened life expectancy.

Answer 30

Tobacco

Question 31

Where are the alveolar capillaries located?

Answer 31

Wedged between the bubble-shaped alveoli

Question 32

What are the 3 different forms of the carbon dioxide transport

Answer 32

1. 7% is dissolved CO2 in plasma 2. 23% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin which is called (carbaminohemoglobin or HbCO2) 3. 70% is transported in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate or HCO3-

Question 33

What is being measured in the nervous system control?

Answer 33

1. CO2 2. O2 3. pH

Question 34

The 3 receptors of the nervous system are

Answer 34

1. Carotid bodies 2. Aortic bodies 3. Medulla of brainstem

Question 35

How does the nervous system measure carbon dioxide?

Answer 35

The negative feedback loops are most sensitive to relative levels of CO2 and is detected by all 3 receptors

Question 36

What receptors detect O2?

Answer 36

Carotid and aortic bodies

Question 37

How does the nervous system measure pH?

Answer 37

Measured in the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain by the receptors in the medulla, this indirectly measures levels of CO2