chapter 9 lecture

Question 1

What are joints?

Answer 1

Point at which two bones meet. Articulations are a place of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or bones and teeth.

Question 2

What is arthrology?

Answer 2

Scientific study of joints.

Question 3

How are joints classified by function?

Answer 3

Into 3 categories:
* Synarthrosis
* Amphiarthrosis
* Diarthrosis

Question 4

Define synarthrosis.

Answer 4

Immobile joint that can be fibrous or cartilaginous.

Question 5

Provide an example of a synarthrosis joint.

Answer 5

Tooth to jaw.

Question 6

Define amphiarthrosis.

Answer 6

Slightly mobile joint that can be fibrous or cartilaginous.

Question 7

Provide an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.

Answer 7

Articulation between tibia and fibula.

Question 8

Define diarthrosis.

Answer 8

Freely mobile joints; all synovial joints are diarthrotic.

Question 9

Provide an example of a diarthrosis joint.

Answer 9

Knee joint.

Question 10

How are joints classified by structure?

Answer 10

Into 3 categories:
* Fibrous
* Cartilaginous
* Synovial joints.

Question 11

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 11

Joints with no joint cavity, held together by dense connective tissue, immobile or slightly mobile.

Question 12

Give an example of a fibrous joint.

Answer 12

Teeth in sockets.

Question 13

What are the three most common types of fibrous joints?

Answer 13

• Gomphoses
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses

Question 14

Define gomphosis.

Answer 14

Binds teeth to jaw bones; only one in the human body; synarthrotic.

Question 15

Define suture.

Answer 15

Fibrous joint between bones of skull; synarthrotic.

Question 16

What is syndesmosis?

Answer 16

Two bones bound by longer collagenous fibers; found between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula.

Question 17

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 17

Joints with no joint cavity, bones joined by cartilage, can be synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.

Question 18

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 18

• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

Question 19

Define synchondrosis.

Answer 19

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage; all immobile (synarthroses).

Question 20

Provide an example of synchondrosis.

Answer 20

Attachment of rib 1 to sternum by costal cartilage.

Question 21

Define symphysis.

Answer 21

Two joints joined by fibrocartilage; slightly mobile (amphiarthroses).

Question 22

What are synovial joints?

Answer 22

Freely mobile articulations; most joints in the body.

Question 23

What are the basic features of synovial joints?

Answer 23

• Articular capsule and joint cavity
• Synovial fluid
• Articular cartilage
• Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 24

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 24

Reduces friction during movement, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones, acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression.

Question 25

What is the role of synovial fluid?

Answer 25

* Lubricates articular cartilage * Nourishes and removes wastes from articular cartilage's chondrocytes * Acts as a shock absorber

Question 26

What are ligaments?

Answer 26

Dense regular connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone.

Question 27

What are the two types of ligaments in synovial joints?

Answer 27

* Extrinsic ligaments * Intrinsic ligaments

Question 28

What are tendons?

Answer 28

Composed of dense regular connective tissue; attach muscle to bone.

Question 29

What is a bursa?

Answer 29

Fibrous, saclike structure containing synovial fluid; alleviates friction.

Question 30

What are fat pads in synovial joints?

Answer 30

Act as packing material; provide joint protection.

Question 31

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 31

Elongated bursa that wraps around tendons to reduce friction.

Question 32

How are synovial joints classified based on motion?

Answer 32

* Monoaxial * Biaxial * Multiaxial

Question 33

What are plane (gliding) joints?

Answer 33

Surfaces flat or slightly concave and convex; e.g., between wrist and ankle bones.

Question 34

What are hinge joints?

Answer 34

One bone with convex surface fits into concave depression in the other; e.g., elbow, knee.

Question 35

What are pivot joints?

Answer 35

Bone spins on longitudinal axis; e.g., joints between radius and ulna.

Question 36

What are condylar (ellipsoid) joints?

Answer 36

Oval convex surface on one bone fits in complementary depression on the other; e.g., between phalanges and metacarpals.

Question 37

What are saddle joints?

Answer 37

Saddle-shaped surface, concave in one direction, convex in the other; e.g., between trapezium and metacarpal at thumb.

Question 38

What are ball-and-socket joints?

Answer 38

One bone with hemispherical head fits in cuplike depression on the other; e.g., shoulder and hip.

Question 39

What are the four types of motion at synovial joints?

Answer 39

* Gliding * Angular * Rotational * Special movements

Question 40

Define gliding motion.

Answer 40

Two opposing surfaces slide back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another.

Question 41

Define angular motion.

Answer 41

Either increases or decreases angle between two bones.

Question 42

Define rotational motion.

Answer 42

Bone pivoting on its own longitudinal axis.

Question 43

Define special movements.

Answer 43

Occur at specific joints; do not readily fit other functional categories.

Question 44

What is arthritis?

Answer 44

A group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joints.

Question 45

What are common forms of arthritis?

Answer 45

* Gouty arthritis * Osteoarthritis * Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 46

What is gouty arthritis?

Answer 46

Typically seen in middle-aged or older males; due to increased levels of uric acid.

Question 47

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 47

Degenerative joint condition seen in older individuals due to gradual wearing down of articular cartilage.

Question 48

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 48

Autoimmune disorder where the immune system targets its own tissues for attack.