Chapter 9 Part 2

Question 1

Factors that influence the time of breeding

Answer 1

• Food
  Water
  Temperature
  Habitat availability
  Molt

Question 2

Why do some birds not breed annually?

Answer 2

• Very large birds cannot fit their extended reproductive efforts into a single year

Question 3

Factors that describe timing of migration

Answer 3

Migratory Restlessness (Zugunruhe)

Hyperphagia

External factors (weather)

Question 4

Factors involved in reproduction to create high-cost efforts

Answer 4

• reproduction increases total daily energy expenditures by as much as 50 percent
  (Courtship, territoriality, and nest building; Egg formation and egg laying; Incubation; Food and brooding)

Question 5

Factors involved in molt to create high-cost efforts

Answer 5

Typically follows breeding in the warmest months of the year and precedes migration

Accompanying the replacement of worn feathers is:
the synthesis of beta-keratin by the skin
increased amino acid metabolism; increased cardiovascular activity to supply blood to the growing feathers; the shunting of water to the developing feathers; changes in bone metabolism and calcium distribution; an increased need for iron for red blood cell production

Question 6

How might climate change negatively impact a bird’s annual cycle?

Answer 6

Example of a match/mismatch induced in the Great Tit by climate change

Whereas the abiotic environmental cues that trigger onset of egg laying stay the same, food sources emerge earlier and out of synchrony with the peak energy demands of the chicks