Fermentation
the partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
cellular respiration
the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which breaks down organic molecules
Redox reactions
a chemical reaction involving the complete/partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
oxidation
the loss of electrons from a substance
Reduction
the addition of electrons to a substance
reducing agent
the electron donor, gives away electrons
oxidizing agent
the electron acceptor
NAD+
oxidized form of NAD, coenzyme that can accept electrons
NADH
Reduced form of NAD, temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration
Glycolysis
A series of reactions that splits glucose into 2 pyruvate. Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Oxidizes acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide. Produces ATP, 3 NADH, FADH2 and CO2.
Oxidative phosphorylation
production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain
Electrons from NADH move down reducing agents and oxidizing agents, releasing free energy at each step.
Chemiosis
Energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP.
Alcohol Fermentation
glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing Carbon Dioxide.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
glycolysis followed by the reduction to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
