Chapter 9 - Social Development

Question 1

What does social development include the development of?

Answer 1

• emotion
• personality
• attachment
• self
• peer relationships
• morality
• gender

Question 2

What is Erik Erikson’s theory based upon in terms of the need for resolution

Answer 2

the social crisis which need resolution

Question 3

What are the 5 stages of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 3

1) trust vs mistrust
2) autonomy vs shape and doubt
3) initiative vs guilt
4) industry vs inferiority
5) identity vs role confusion

Question 3

What happens in the trust vs mistrust stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

Answer 3

• 1st year of life
• developing trust in other people is the crucial issue
• crisis resolution by parents dictates attachment styles
• social crisis = trust

Question 4

What happens in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

Answer 4

• 1- 3 1/2 years old
• challenge is to achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increased social demand
• social crisis = balancing using autonomy and restrictions/ punishment from parents

Question 5

What happens in the initiative vs guilt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

Answer 5

• 4 -6 years old
• taking initiative of their environment
• parents must reinforce child’s choices
• resolved when child develops high standards and the initiative to meet them w/out being crushed by worry about not being able to measure up

Question 6

What happens in the industry vs inferiority stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

Answer 6

• 6 years old - puberty
• child must master cognitive and social skills, learn to work and play well with others

Question 7

What happens in the Identity vs role confusion stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

Answer 7

• adolescence - early adulthood
• must resolve the question of who they really are/ where they belong

Question 8

Describe the identity achievement stage of identity development.

Answer 8

a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has been made

Question 9

Describe the foreclosure stage of identity development.

Answer 9

a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has been made

Question 10

Describe the moratorium stage of identity development.

Answer 10

a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has not been made

Question 11

Describe the identity diffusion stage of identity development.

Answer 11

a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has not been made

Question 12

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 12

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response.

Question 13

What is an antecedent? what kind of learning is it used in?

Answer 13

• An antecedent refers to the stimulus or event that occurs before a specific behavior and serves as a trigger or precursor to that behavior.
• used in classical conditioning

Question 14

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 14

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened through the consequences they produce.

Question 15

Which kind of conditioning reinforces pre-established behaviors?

Answer 15

operant conditioning

Question 16

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? What does it mean when its positive or negative?

Answer 16

• punishment aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring
• reinforcement aims to increase the likelihood of an action occurring
• either is positive when something is added to the “experience”
• either is negative when something is taken away from the “experience”

Question 17

• What is hostile attribute bias?
• What kind of environment do children who have this come from?
• What kind of behavior does this elicit in children?

Answer 17

• when children have the idea that everyone is out to get them
• tend to come from abusive households
• children with this are often hostile

Question 18

What does the bioecological model represent? What are the different tiers of this system?

Answer 18

• represents how our immediate surroundings influence us
• include the microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem

Question 19

Describe the different systems within the bioecological model.

Answer 19

• Microsystem: people who are closest and very directly impact us
• Exosystem: people/ things in proximity which may directly or indirectly impacts us
• Macrosystem: policies and systems which indirectly influence us

Question 20

What are the key ideas of Freud’s psychoanalysis?

Answer 20

• the mind is made of separate part that function independently and can conflict with each other
• Id - irrational and emotional (now!)
• ego - rational (mediator)
• superego - moral (conscience)

Question 21

What are some controversies surrounding Freud’s psychoanalysis theory?

Answer 21

• moral: dislike of emphasis on sex and sexual energy
• scientific: theory is unscientific
• makes people uncomfortable

Question 22

What does freud’s psychosexual theory propose children are motivated by?

Answer 22

• the urge to satisfy the arousal they feel

Question 23

What are the stages of the psychosexual theory?

Answer 23

1) Oral stage
2) Anal stage
3) Phallic Stage

Question 24

Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.

Answer 24

- birth - 18 months old - physical focus: mouth, lips, tongue - psychological theme: dependency, passivity - only the id exists - things can go wrong if needs aren't fulfilled or needs are fulfilled instantly (mirrors trust vs mistrust stage) - adult characters are overly independent vs passive

Question 25

Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.

Answer 25

- 18 months - 3 years old - physical focus - anus and organs of elimination - psychological themes: self control and obedience - ego begins to develop (morals) - things can go wrong if given unreasonable expectations and never demanding control of urges - adult character type: over controlled vs undercontrolled

Question 26

Describe the phallic stage of the psychosexual theory.

Answer 26

- timing - 3 1/2 - 7 years old - physical focus - sexual organs - basic tasks - coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications - experience oedipal crisis - development of morality, conscience, and the superego

Question 27

What is the oedipal crisis? When does it occur?

Answer 27

- Oedipus Complex: Children experience sexual attraction or desire for the parent of the opposite sex - occurs during phallic stage of the psychosexual theory

Question 28

What are some critiques given to the psychosexual thoery?

Answer 28

- excessive complexity - case study method - high likelihood of bias - vague definitions for concepts - untestable (cannot be proven false) - sexism: males are considered to be in the norm while females are considered deviations from male model