chapter twenty-one

Question 1

tissues are constructed on a _____

Answer 1

matrix

Question 2

how are tissue types categorized? 4 ways

Answer 2

connective, epithelial, nervous and muscular

Question 3

______ tissue is mostly extracellular matrix material with cells interspersed within

Answer 3

connective

Question 4

________ tissue is mostly composed of collagen fibers

Answer 4

connective

Question 5

collagen proteins assemble into _____ _____ _______

Answer 5

triple helix coiled-coils

Question 6

to avoid premature assembly, collagen is secreted from cells as _______

Answer 6

procollagen

Question 7

procollagen contains sequences that block _______

Answer 7

assembly

Question 8

in the extracellular space ______ cleave the prosequences, allowing assembly of collagen

Answer 8

proteases

Question 9

_____ ______ links cells to the extracellular matrix

Answer 9

integrin adhesion

Question 10

integrin adhesion also influences the cells by activating _____ _______ processes to the cell interior

Answer 10

signal transduction

Question 11

protein molecules that are highly modified with ____ ______ fill space in the extracellular matrix

Answer 11

carbohydrate structures

Question 12

carbohydrate molecules bind a lot of _____ and make a gel material between collagen fibers

Answer 12

water

Question 13

_____ cells seperate biological compartments and regulate their composition by transport processes

Answer 13

epithelial

Question 14

epithelial cells sit on a ____ ____

Answer 14

basal lamina

Question 15

_______ epithelia have distinct domains with different compositions

Answer 15

transporting

Question 16

domains of epithelia are separated by _____ ____, producing the apical and basal domains

Answer 16

tight junctions

Question 17

the ______ _____ prevents ions and solutes from leaking between cells

Answer 17

tight junction

Question 18

tight junctions are composed of ____ and _____ proteins that form from interlacing strands

Answer 18

occludin and claudin

Question 19

______ cell adhesion molecules create small links that are strong in large patches

Answer 19

cadherin

Question 20

linker proteins connect adhesion molecules to the _____ cytoskeleton

Answer 20

actin

Question 21

the adherens junction is mediated by _____

Answer 21

cadherin

Question 22

constricting ___ ____ can change epithelial shape producing tissue morphogenesis

Answer 22

adherens junctions

Question 23

differentisl cell adhesion produces ___ ___

Answer 23

cell sorting

Question 24

_____ ____ are channel proteins that link with another cell, creating a cytoplasmic bridge between cells

Answer 24

gap junctions

Question 25

____ ____ have the instructions to continuously renew our tissues

Answer 25

stem cells

Question 26

3 factors that control cell renewal

Answer 26

communication, selective cell adhesion and cell memory

Question 27

the stem cells are located where

Answer 27

base of the crypt

Question 28

stem cell niche in the crypt regulates _____ and ______

Answer 28

proliferation and differentiation

Question 29

Hematopoietic stem cells produce what

Answer 29

blood cells

Question 30

______ _____ _____ are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage mammalian embryo

Answer 30

embryonic stem cells

Question 31

embryonic stem cells are _______ which means that they can produce 3 germ layers

Answer 31

pluripotent

Question 32

what are the 3 germ layers

Answer 32

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 33

cancer is a ____ cell disease

Answer 33

stem

Question 34

abnormal stem cells produce ___ _____ that propagate and spread

Answer 34

abnormal tissues

Question 35

altered versions of normal cellular genes (typically gain-of-function)

Answer 35

oncogenes