Peds Exam 2 Chapter 41 > Chapter41 > Flashcards

Chapter41 Flashcards

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1
Q

When is a fetal heart rate first present?

A

Around post-conceptual day 17

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2
Q

During which gestational weeks do heart chambers and arteries form?

A

Gestational weeks 2 through 8

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3
Q

How does the fetus receive oxygen?

A

Via the placenta

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4
Q

What is the role of the fetal lungs in oxygenation?

A

Lungs are perfused but do not perform oxygenation or ventilation

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5
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

An opening between the atria that allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

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6
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Allows blood flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, shunting blood away from pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

How does a child’s heart change as they grow?

A

It changes position and size

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8
Q

Describe heart position changes from infancy through adolescence.

A

Starts higher and more horizontal in infancy, becomes larger and more vertical through childhood, and continues to grow with the body during adolescence

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9
Q

How does heart rate (HR) change from infancy to adolescence?

A

Faster in infancy and decreases as the child ages

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10
Q

What is the normal heart rate range in infancy?

A

90–160 beats per minute

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11
Q

How does blood pressure (BP) change from infancy to adolescence?

A

Lower in infancy and increases as the child ages

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12
Q

What is the approximate blood pressure in infancy?

A

~80–55 mm Hg

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13
Q

By when do HR and BP reach adult levels?

A

By adolescence

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14
Q

What noninvasive test measures oxygen saturation?

A

Pulse oximetry

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15
Q

What tests evaluate heart rhythm and electrical activity over time?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter monitoring

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16
Q

What imaging test evaluates heart structure and function?

A

Echocardiogram

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17
Q

What imaging test assesses heart size and lung fields?

A

Chest radiograph

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18
Q

What test evaluates cardiovascular response to physical activity?

A

Exercise stress testing

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19
Q

What laboratory tests may be included in cardiovascular evaluation?

A

CBC, BMP, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

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20
Q

What invasive procedures can assess cardiovascular anatomy and function?

A

Arteriogram and cardiac catheterization

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21
Q

What communication consideration is important when working with children?

A

Be mindful of how children are spoken to and avoid using medical jargon

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22
Q

How are cardiovascular disorders in children categorized?

A

Into two major categories

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23
Q

What are the two major categories of cardiovascular disorders in children?

A

Congenital heart disease (CHD) and acquired heart disease

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24
Q

What defines congenital heart disease (CHD)?

A

Present from birth due to abnormal development of the heart during pregnancy

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25
What defines acquired heart disease?
Develops later in life and is often caused by lifestyle choices
26
What congenital factors increase the risk for cardiovascular disorders in childhood?
Congenital malformations, genetic syndromes, family history, maternal drug or alcohol exposure, and prematurity
27
What percentage of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease (CHD)?
About 40% to 50% (Nees & Chung, 2020)
28
How do genetic syndromes relate to congenital cardiovascular disorders?
They are a risk factor for congenital heart disease
29
How does maternal drug or alcohol exposure affect cardiovascular risk?
It increases the risk for congenital cardiovascular disorders
30
Why is prematurity a risk factor for congenital cardiovascular disorders?
Prematurity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in childhood
31
What infections increase the risk for acquired cardiovascular disorders in childhood?
Rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease, and endocarditis
32
What metabolic conditions increase the risk for acquired cardiovascular disorders?
Obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension
33
How does substance exposure affect cardiovascular risk in children?
Drug or alcohol exposure increases the risk for acquired cardiovascular disorders
34
How does chemotherapy relate to cardiovascular disease in children?
Chemotherapy is a risk factor for acquired cardiovascular disorders
35
What chronic illnesses increase the risk for acquired cardiovascular disorders?
Connective tissue disorders, autoimmune diseases, and endocrine diseases
36
Why is organ transplant considered a cardiovascular risk factor?
It increases the risk for acquired cardiovascular disorders
37
Why is asking about medications and dosages important in a child’s health history?
It provides information about possible underlying conditions related to the child’s current status
38
Why is it important to know who prescribed a child’s medications?
It identifies other healthcare personnel involved in the child’s care and the parents’ healthcare beliefs and patterns
39
Why ask if medications were effective or caused adverse effects?
To determine how medications may be affecting the child’s health
40
Why ask where and how often a child receives medical evaluations?
To understand the child’s health status and the parents’ healthcare knowledge, practices, and beliefs
41
Why ask about hospitalizations and their causes?
To identify problems that may result from impaired cardiac output, tissue oxygenation, or associated disorders
42
Why assess for growth delay, activity problems, or coordination issues?
These may indicate impaired tissue oxygenation and cardiac output
43
Why ask if a child’s skin color changes when crying?
A blue or gray skin color may indicate cyanosis and impaired tissue oxygenation
44
Why assess whether a child stops frequently during play or squats?
It reflects the child’s exercise tolerance and tissue oxygenation
45
Why ask about feeding difficulty, fatigue, or excessive sleep?
These indicate the child’s energy expenditure, ability to tolerate activity, and tissue oxygenation
46
Why ask if a child frequently develops strep throat?
It helps assess the child’s risk for developing rheumatic fever and heart disease
47
What family history increases cardiovascular risk?
Family history of heart disease or CHD.
48
When should family cardiac history be investigated further?
If heart disease occurred in a first-degree relative.
49
Why is sudden death in a young family member a risk factor?
It is associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
50
How does hyperlipidemia relate to cardiovascular disorders?
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
51
What metabolic condition increases cardiovascular risk?
Diabetes mellitus.
52
How does obesity affect cardiovascular health?
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
53
How does inactivity affect cardiovascular risk?
Inactivity increases the risk for cardiovascular disorders.
54
What role does stress play in cardiovascular disease?
Stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
55
How does diet affect cardiovascular risk?
A high-cholesterol diet increases cardiovascular risk.
56
What skin finding can indicate a cardiac disorder?
Cyanosis.
57
What heart rhythm change may indicate a cardiac disorder?
Irregular heart rate.
58
What fluid-related sign is associated with cardiac disorders?
Edema.
59
What does clubbing of the fingertips imply?
Chronic hypoxia.
60
How can fever be related to cardiac disorders?
Fever can be a sign of a cardiac disorder.
61
What respiratory signs may indicate a cardiac disorder?
Retractions or increased work of breathing.
62
What chest wall finding may indicate a cardiac disorder?
Prominence of the precordial chest wall.
63
What vascular signs may be seen with cardiac disorders?
Visible, engorged, or abnormal pulsations.
64
What abdominal finding may be associated with cardiac disorders?
Abdominal distention.
Peds Exam 2 Chapter 41
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