1
Q
What are the types of psychological theories causes of stuttering
A
Psychoemotional
Psychobehavioral
Psycholinguistic
2
Q
The emotional trauma or personality conflict
A
Psychoemtional
3
Q
A learned behavior reinforced by environmental variables
A
Psychobehavioral
4
Q
A breakdown in the process for generating language
A
Psycholinguistic
5
Q
____ says stuttering is a symptom of unconscious conflicts or urges
A
Psychoemotional
6
Q
___ says that stuttering is a symptom of a personality disorder or neurosis
A
Physchoemotional
7
Q
____ says that stuttering is a symptom of maladjustment following a physiological trauma
A
Psychoemotional
8
Q
5 forms of potential evidence of Psychoemotional
A
- Stuttering onsets with traumatic events
- Sudden onsets are more frequent than gradual onsets
- Recovery coincides with improved adjustment
- Onset age evenly distributed across the lifespan
- personality characteristics of emotional maladjustment should be consistently noted among those who stutter
9
Q
Stuttering onsets with traumatic events:
A
- Majority of stuttering onsets are not associated with psychologically agitating events.
- About 40% of cases parents did report the presence of some emotionally stressful events at home, these were not traumatic.
10
Q
Sudden onsets are far more frequent than gradual onsets:
A
- Stuttering onset is sudden only about 40% or so of cases.
- For a large majority of children the timing of onset does not support the premise.
11
Q
Recovery coincides with imposed emotional adjustment:
A
- Natural recovery from stuttering would be expected to co-occur with conditions that improve psychological adjustment.
- Thus far, research has not revealed a noticeable for these factors in the natural recovery experienced by most preschoolers.
12
Q
Onset age evenly distributed across the lifespan:
A
- If psychological states- anxiousness, nervousness, or fears- were at the root of stuttering, onset would be distributed fairly evenly across the lifespan because people at any age can be vulnerable to such states.
13
Q
Personality characteristics of emotional maladjustments should be consistently noted among those who stutter:
A
The bulk of evidence, however, has not supported this prediction
14
Q
Adult personality and stuttering has
A
Inconsistent findings across studies
15
Q
Personality characteristics of people with stuttering likely reflect the impact of stuttering, not its cause. True or false
A
True
16
Q
In adult personality and stuttering, ______ may be a contributing predisposing factor (but not, by itself, a cause)
A
Trait anxiety
17
Q
Reflects the existence of a stable tendency to respond with anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations
A
Trait anxiety
18
Q
Emotional trauma or personality conflict
A
Psycho emotional
19
Q
A learned behavior reinforced by environmental variables
A
Psycho behavioral
20
Q
A breakdown in the processes for generating language
A
Psycho linguistic
21
Q
____ says that stuttering is a learned behavior, that is, an acquired rather than an innate constitutionally-based disorder
A
Psycho behavioral theory
22
Q
Foundations of psychobehavioral theory were established by:
A
- Pavlov (1927) in his work concerning classical conditioning &
- B.F. Skinners (1953) research on operant conditioning
23
Q
____ introduced his work concerning classical conditioning
A
Pavlov (1927)
24
Q
___ introduced his research on operant conditioning
A
B.F. Skinners (1953)
25
If a neutral stimulus (bell) is paired with a naturally-occurring stimulus (food) it can develop the power to trigger the same response (saliva)
Classical condition
26
Pavlov’s dog salivates when a bell rings is an example of ____
Classical conditioning
27
Learning in which features in the surrounding area becomes stimuli that elicit the same response
Classical conditioning
28
The consequence (food) of a response (standing) can change the response frequency.
Operant conditioning
29
When the rat stands up, food is delivered. Because the behavior was positively reinforced, the rat stands up more times
Operant conditioning
30
Changing the response (behavior) based on consequent events
Operant conditioning
31
The diagnosis causes the disorder; diagnosis of stuttering is the cause of the disorder
Diagnosogenic
32
Stuttering as an avoidance behavior
Stuttering occurs when a speaker tries to avoid normal disfluencies
33
When parents disapprove; show concern over disfluency. Child struggles to avoid it.
Stuttering as an avoidance behavior
34
The study of the psychological processes
Psycho
35
Underlying language use
Linguistic
36
The study of the psychological processes underlying language use
Psycholinguistics
37
Occurrence of some stuttered speech may result from subtle deficiencies in the underlying psychological processes responsible for transforming intended words into integrated speech gestures
Psycholinguistics theory
38
They propose that the processes responsible to retrieve and integrate language elements may not be operating smoothly
Psycholinguistic theory
39
Psycholinguistic theories/models say that stuttering results from:
1. An effort to correct a speech planning error before it surfaces (covert repair hypothesis)
2. A defect in central processes responsible for uniting sound elements into syllables
3. A mistimed arrival of either the sound fillers or the syllable frames essential to the execution of speech
40
An effort to correct a speech planning error before it surfaces
Covert repair hypothesis
41
Psycholinguistic processes underlying speech
1. Conceptualization
2. Formation
3. Articulation
42
Psycholinguistic processes underlying speech in formulation
1. Grammatical encoding
2. Phonological encoding
43
_____ says that speech disruptions are an outcome of hyperactive self-monitoring if inner speech
Covert-repair hypothesis model
44
Disfluencies occur when the speaker is late repairing errors in the phonological system that arise during their formulation
45
Refers to the things hidden
Covert
46
The term ___ refers to the speakers attempt to correct the original formulation and replan the intended speech
Repair
47
The underlying assumption is that people who stutter may have some form of deficit with phonological encoding
48
Clinical implications of covert-repair hypothesis model
People who stutter should slow down when initiating and engaging in the act of talking> to permit more time for their systems to plan the correct speech sounds
49
Covert-repair hypothesis model weaknesses
1. Research shows that people who stutter do not make more speech errors than those who do not stutter
2. A subgroup of children who stutter has no difficulty with complicated phonological sequences
3. Phonologically difficult words, or words that followed them, did not draw more instances of stuttering than other words
50
wingate (1998) hypothesized that stuttering was an indication of a lack of synchrony in the assembly of linguistic elements for words
Fault line hypothesis theory
51
Stuttering occurs at the “fault line” in phonological formulation, particularly where initial consonant and vowel are joined
Fault line hypothesis theory
52
In fault line hypothesis theory, these phonetic elements are ____ by syllable stress
“Unitized”
53
A moment of stuttering represents a failure to merge the prosodies (stress) and phonological aspects of speech
Fault line hypothesis theory
54
Wingates research released most stuttering events occur on stressed syllables
Fault line hypothesis theory
55
The difficulty is not with the articulatory act of speaking, but with the psycholinguistic processes that must act to synchronize word assembly
Fault line hypothesis theory
56
Clinical implications of fault line hypothesis theory
1. People who stutter should slow down when initiating and engaging in the act of talking> to permit more time for their systems to plan the correct speech sounds
2. Stressed syllables may need an especially slower approach
57
Clinical weaknesses of fault line hypothesis theory
1. Not all stressed syllables are stuttered
2. Not clear that stressed syllables are the primary loci of stuttering in children.
3. Course of stuttering development was not addressed directly by wingates theory
58
___ provide us with insight into the nature of disfluencies speech, but they do not explain the full picture of guttering etiology and onset.
Psycholinguistic theories
59
For _____ more research is needed to reveal the exact nature of their role in the occurrence of stuttering
Psycholinguistic theories
60
Genetic perspectives on stuttering
1. Stuttering is genetically transmitted
2. Genetics and research provided do not attempt to suggest the cause of stuttering, the dynamics of stuttered speech, or rules that govern stuttering
61
____ & ____ provided do not attempt to suggest the cause of stuttering, the dynamics of stuttered speech, or rules that govern stuttering
Genetics & reseach
62
Stuttering runs in families. True or false
True
63
In genetic literature, refers to the person whose relatives are surveyed
Proband
64
___ of the probands who stuttered had a family history of stuttering compare to ___ in probands who did not stutter
46%; 18%
65
Study data showing a of children with stuttering having familial stuttering:
Immediate and extended family showed ____
Immediate family has showed ___ of childern
Parents showed ___ of children
68%, 39%, 27%
66
If one member of a twin pair stutters, does the second member stutter too?
The answer tends to be positive
67
Results of 9 twin studies conducted in serval studies varying in methodology and number of participants showed
A high heritability of 0.8. Still a good number of identical twin pairs did not show similarity for stuttering would appear to indicate other influences
68
Familial aggregation studies analyze the detailed distribution patterns of stuttering in familial pedigrees (tree) . True or false
True
69
Family aggregation accounts for gender, family size, degree of relatedness (i.e. first degree cousins). True or false
True
70
Statistical method of serration analysis- Allows investigators to determine the _________ by matching the familial distributions against several possible genetic models
Most likely mode of genetic transmission
71
Several possible genetic models for familial aggregation:
1. Single major locus (SML: one or a few main genes are involved)
2. Multi factorial polygenic (MFP: environmental factor + many genes)
3. Mixed (both MFP & SML components)
4. No genetic components
72
One or a few main genes are involved
SML
73
Environmental factors + many genes
MFP
74
Analyzing materials to locate genes that underlie the disorder
Biological genetics
75
First phase, where blood or saliva is used to identify chromosomes, and the regions within each one of them, where signals indicating possible presence of genes underlying a disorder are detected
Linkage analysis
76
Strongest linkage signals for males only was on chromosome ____ & for females on chromosome ___
#13 & #21
77
Genes from several different chromosomes combinations may result in stuttering. True or false
True
78
Linkage studies from a single very large, intrafamliy marriages have reported
Pakistani families yielded loci on chromosomes 3, 12, &16
An African family from Cameroon revealed loci on chromosomes 2, 3, 14, and 15
79
No single gene is involved in stuttering. True or false
True
Fluency Disorders
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