Chapters 6-7

Question 1

included in the speech mechanism that produces sounds

Answer 1

respiratory system, larynx, vocal tract

Question 2

motor system

Answer 2

controls the vocal tract

Question 3

respiratory system

Answer 3

produces the raw material - air under pressure - speech is generated from

Question 4

inspiration

Answer 4

how air in drawn in from the environment to the lungs

Question 5

expiration

Answer 5

how air is expelled from the lungs under pressure

Question 6

phonation

Answer 6

air under pressure is sent from the lungs to the larynx, setting the air molecules into vibration

Question 7

cartilages that make up the larynx

Answer 7

• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• epiglottis cartilage

Question 8

thyroid cartilage

Answer 8

the bump in people’s throat

more prominent in men

Question 9

cricoid cartilage

Answer 9

sits on top of the trachea, forms at the base of the larynx

Question 10

epiglottis cartilage

Answer 10

large, broad, leaf-shaped cartilage

helps prevent food from entering larynx when swallowing

Question 11

abduct

Answer 11

vocal folds moving apart (breathing)

Question 12

adduct

Answer 12

vocals folds moving together (producing voice)

Question 13

thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 13

bundle of muscle tissue within each vocal fold

Question 14

glottis

Answer 14

opening between the vocal folds

Question 15

laryngeal tone

Answer 15

caused by vibration pattern of molecules by phonation

- wide range of frequencies and has a buzzing quality

Question 16

3 vocal tract cavities

Answer 16

• oral cavity
• nasal cavity
• pharyngeal cavity

Question 17

affects the configuration of the vocal tract

Answer 17

• tongue
• lips
• mandible
• velum

Question 18

pyramidal system

Answer 18

• originates in the primary motor system cortex of the brain
• includes the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons
• determines which muscles with contract during voluntary movements

Question 19

extrapyramidal system

Answer 19

• indirectly controls motor movement patterns

- helps maintain equilibrium, coordination, posture, muscle tone, reflexes

Question 20

extrapyramidal system and Parkinson’s disease

Answer 20

• abnormality in its functioning

- unable to make movements rapidly/involuntary tremors = disturbs the functioning of speech

Question 21

myoneural junctions

Answer 21

muscle nerves

Question 22

myasthenia gravis

Answer 22

condition of abnormality in the chemical makeup of myoneural junctions

Question 23

5 major types of voice disorders

Answer 23

• trauma
• problems of an unknown cause
• congenital problems
• disorders of the brain/nervous system
• vocal resonance

Question 24

ventricular dysphonia (false vocal fold phonation)

Answer 24

occurs when individual uses the ventricular folds to produce voice
- produced voice is lower in frequency

Question 25

conversion disorder

Answer 25

individual loses all phonatory ability due to stress, emotional distress, or a psychological problem - complete mutism - functional aphonia: person can whisper, vocal folds don't vibrate - dysphonia: individual experiences various degrees of hoarseness

Question 26

spasmodic dysphonia

Answer 26

hyperadduction: vocal folds can't vibrate OR/COMBO hypoadduction: vocal folds produce severely breathy voice

Question 27

vocal fold dysfunction

Answer 27

closing of the vocal folds even when the person is inhaling = airway obstruction

Question 28

congenital mass lesions of the larynx

Answer 28

tumors and viral growths | - voice hoarseness follows removal surgery

Question 29

congenital structural anomalies of the larynx

Answer 29

infants have insufficient/delayed calcium depositing in the larynx = nonphonatory problems - tracheostomy fixes this

Question 30

congenital laryngeal webs

Answer 30

connective tissue web that obstructs that larynx | - treated immediately at birth so infant can breathe

Question 31

dysarthrias

Answer 31

motor speech disorders - type and severity depend on the area of the nervous system being affected - etiologies: brain injury, tumor, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's, Lyme's - slowed, slurred speech/rapid whisper/nasal and hoarse

Question 32

apraxia of speech

Answer 32

motor system planning disorder - difficulty retrieving motor speech patterns to produce fluent speech - increased effort to speak, searching to positions to produce sounds, abnormal stress and intonation patterns, altered speech rhythm, inconsistent articulation errors

Question 33

hypernasality

Answer 33

excessive nasal resonance | -occurs bc the velum has not closed properly between the oral and nasal cavities

Question 34

velum

Answer 34

soft palate

Question 35

hyponasality

Answer 35

cannot produce any nasal resonance - voice sounds like person has a stuffy nose - stems from organic disorder causing an obstruction in the nasal cavity

Question 36

assimilative nasality

Answer 36

the nasality of a consonant "leaks" over to a vowel

Question 37

faulty tongue postures

Answer 37

can cause resonance problems - tongue is held too high or too close to the front of the mouth - caused by habit

Question 38

stidency

Answer 38

the pharynx is shortened which raises the larynx and increases the reflective properties of the pharynx - sounds harsh, shrill, and strained