
ka

ka ‘ka’ in back of throat. Persian/Arabic

kha aspirated ka

och as in loch

ga

ga ‘ga’ in back of throat. Persian/Arabic

gha aspirated ga

nasal n in uncle

cha

cha aspirated

ja

za as in zoo

ja aspirated dodge…him

nasal n as in unjust

ta as in train

tha t aspirated t-h in ‘anthill’

da d as in date

ra flapped d

dha aspirated da

rha aspirated flapped ra

na as in end
त
(ta - ‘tell’)
थ
(tha “think”)
द
(्da ‘then’)