social psych > CHE Forensics > Flashcards

CHE Forensics Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Mathieu Orfila

A

Father of toxicology and the first treatises on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals

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2
Q

Alphonse Bertillon

A

Devised the first scientific system of person identification (anthropomoetry)

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3
Q

France Galton

A

Conducted their first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification

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4
Q

Leone Lattes

A

Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains

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5
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet

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6
Q

Albert Osborn

A

Developed the fundamental principles of document examination

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7
Q

Walter McCrone

A

Utilize microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence

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8
Q

Hans Gross

A

Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation

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9
Q

Edmond Locard

A

Incorporated Gross’s principles within a workable crime lab and Locard’s Exchange Principle

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10
Q

Alec Jefferys

A

Developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and profiling that are used across the globe today

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11
Q

Crime Labs First and Biggest

A

LAPD- the oldest in the US, and created by August Vollmer
FBI- the largest

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12
Q

Physical Science Unit

A

Incorporates the principles of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence

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13
Q

Forensic Engineering

A

Failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and origins of fires or explosions

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14
Q

Identification of Physical Evidence

A

The determination of the physical or chemical identity of a substance
-the composition of illicit drugs
-gasoline residues
-Nature of explosive resides

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15
Q

Comparison of Physical Evidence

A

The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin

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16
Q

Scientific Method

A

-Formulate a question
-Formulate a reasonable hypothesis to answer the question
-Test the hypothesis through experimentation
-Validation of the hypothesis

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17
Q

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence

A

Direct:
-Evidence known to a person directly by personal knowledge
Circumstantial:
-Evidence that alone proves nothing directly; requires additional inference to prove a fact in dispute, but it’s not weak

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18
Q

The Frye Standard

A

-Rejected the validity of the polygraph test because the technology did not have significant general acceptance at that time
-Must meet the standards generally accepted by the scientific community

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19
Q

The Daubert Standard (Criteria)

A

-General acceptance
-Testability of the method
-Peer review
-Existence of standards that can be used to test the method
-The existence of known error rates

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20
Q

Expert Witness

A

An individual the court determines possesses knowledge about the trial not expected of the average person:
-to evaluate evidence based on specialized training and experience
-to express an opinion as to the significance of the findings
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts is the case that made the CRJ system require the forensic scientist to appear in court

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21
Q

The Rough Crime Scene Sketch

A

-contains an accurate depiction of the dimensions of the scene
-shows the location of all pertinent objects and features
-includes the title block, legend, and compass

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22
Q

The Finished Crime Scene Sketch

A

-is created based on the rough sketch
-is drawn to scale with care and concern for appearance
-Computer-Aided Drafting programs are used to create 3-D finished sketches

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23
Q

Evidence from arson scenes

A

-airtight metal or glass containers
-to prevent the loss of accelerant vapors

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24
Q

Identification

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A

the determination of the physical or chemical identity of a substance

25
Comparison
Combinations of select properties are chosen from the questioned and the standard/reference specimen for comparison
26
Individual Characteristics
Evidence that can be associated with a common source with an extremely high degree of probability is said to process individual characteristics Ex: the ridge of a fingerprint
27
Class characteristics
Properties of evidence that can be associated with a group and never with a single source Ex: -blood types, automobile paint, glass, fiber
28
Product
Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring class characteristics to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence
29
Natural variation
Variations in characteristics within the same material or the samples taken from the same source
30
Evidential variations
variations that go beyond natural variations and can be used to distinguish the source of a sample -observing the variations
31
NIBIN
allows firearms analysts to acquire, digitize, and compare markings made by a firearm on bullets and cartridge casings
32
IFAPDQ
-Database contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive parts
33
Fingerprints
-a reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumbs
34
Ridge characteristics
Known as minutiae Common minutiae -bifurcations -ridge endings -ridge dots -enclosures Average 150 minutiae on the average finger No predetermined minimum number in the US for positive identification Point-by-point comparison by an expert
35
Layers of the fingerprint and finger
Epidermis: the outer layer Dermis: the inner layer The dermal papillae: the layer of cells in between -possible for the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin
36
Percentage of the types of fingerprints
-Loops 60-65% -Whorls 30-35% -Arches 5%
37
Loops
One or more ridges entering from one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side Ulnar loop -the loop opens toward the little finger Radial loop -the loop opens toward the thumb Type lines -two diverging ridges that surround the loop
38
Whorl
They are divided into four groups -plain -central pocket loop -double loop -accidental All whorl patterns have type lines and a minimum of two deltas
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Delta
-the ridge point at or nearest the point where two type lines diverge
40
Arches
The least common Plain and tented Do not have type lines, deltas, or cores
41
AFIS- Automatic scanning devices
Encodes -ridge-endings -bifurcations 1,000 searches per second With a list of fingerprints for matches
42
The Mayfield case
Spain bombing, fingerprint was matched but it wasn't him
43
Latent fingerprints
-invisible prints left on surfaces due to body perspiration and/or oils present on the finger ridges
44
Plastic fingerprints
-ridge impressions left on a soft material
45
Observing latent fingerprints
Non-porous surfaces (glass, mirror, tile, and painted wood) -powder, super glue, fluorescence, RUVIS Powder- can be applied with a brush or magnetic wand, adheres to perspiration and body oils of the print Porous surfaces (papers, cardboard, and cloth) -generally require treatment with a chemical Porous surfaces Iodine fuming -involves heating iodine with latent prints to make them visible
46
Long guns
Rifles -rifled barrel with lands and grooves Shotguns -smooth barrel with no grooves or lands
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Types of Ammunition
Round ammunition -used with a rifled barrel Shell ammunition -used with a smooth barrel
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Choke
Narrowing of the smooth barrel, called the choke of the shotgun, concentrates the shot when fired More narrow = more concentrated
49
Cartridge Types
Rimefire -on the left Centerfire -on the right
50
Gauge
Shotgun barrel size -the diameter of a shotgun barrel -The number of lead balls with the same diameter would weigh one pound -example is it takes twelve lead balls the size of a 12-gauge shotgun bore to weigh a single pound
51
Inner surface of barrel (rifling)
Lands -ridges Grooves -valleys
52
Microscopic imperfections on a firearm
Striation -individual characteristics
53
A microscope used for firearms
The comparison microscope -is the most important tool for firearms examiners
54
Gunshot residue: Inside the primer cap
Mixture contains: -lead -antiomy -barium
55
Distance determination
Contact shot -star-shaped tear with soot and vaporous lead 12-18 in. -halo of soot/vaporous lead around the hole Up to 36 in. -scattered unburned powder grains, little or no soot beyond 3 ft. -usually no residue; only a bullet wipe
56
Griess test
chemical rest for nitrates -a chemical test used to develop patterns of gunpowder residues around bullet holes
57
Infared Photography
Used when there is no contrast with the background, or the powder stain is covered by blood
58
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