1
Q
Three factors that influence the climate
A
1.) Variation in light intensity2.) The angle/tilt of earth3.) Variation in local conditions
2
Q
Variation in light intensity
A
- Varies by latitude- Equator is warmest because sun’s rays are higher- Rains the most in the tropics becuase sun warms the air and warm air rises, spreads out to the North and South and cools into bands of rain- Air flows to 30 degrees, sinks and wams-Rising air=rain-Sinking air=deserts
3
Q
The angle/tilt of earth
A
Gives us seasons
4
Q
Variation in local conditions
A
- More rain in S hemisphere becuase there are more oceans and lakes- Costal Mtns: wind picks up moisture over bodies of water- North slopes: less sunlight, more vegetation- South slopes: more sunlight, less vegetation, drier-Lake effect snow-Adiabatic cooling
5
Q
Less predictable global effects on climate
A
- El Nino- PDO
6
Q
Biomes
A
Defined by temperature and rainfall-Tundra-Boreal Forest-Temperate deciduous woodland -Temperate grassland-Hot desert-Cold desert-Tropical evergreen forest
7
Q
Tundra
A
-Low growing plants-Arctic: permafrost-Alpine: no permafrost
8
Q
Boreal forest
A
-Long winter, short summer-Long days in summer-Evergreens are favored-Large plants
9
Q
Temperate deciduous woodland
A
- More diversity and rainfall than boreal- Where we live- Deciduous trees dominate
10
Q
Temperate grassland
A
- Drought in part of the year- Grasses adapted to grazing and fires
11
Q
Hot desert
A
- Less precipitation
12
Q
Cold desert
A
- Vegetation limited- No permafrost- More precipitation than tundra
13
Q
Tropical evergreen forest
A
- Rainforests- Nutrient poor soil - Epiphytes are common (plants that grow by cliinging to other plants)
14
Q
Niche
A
The entire range of resources a species needs to survive
15
Q
Joseph Connell
A
Barnacles (temporal partitioning)
16
Q
Robert MacAurthur
A
Warblers (niche partitioning)
17
Q
Species interactions
A
- Competition- Predation-Symbiosis
18
Q
Competition
A
When two or more similar organisms need same limited resource (-/-)
19
Q
Predation
A
When one species consumes another (+/-)
20
Q
Symbioses
A
A long-term interaction of 2 speciesParasitism (+/-)Mutualism (+/+)Commensalism (+,0)Ammensalism (-,0)
21
Q
Why is competition hard to see?
A
It often happened in the past
22
Q
The ghost of competition past
A
If competition happened in the past, you can study the relationships today
23
Q
How to study competition
A
- Experiments (1917 Sir Arthur George Tansley galium experiment)- Comparison of Allopatric and sympatric populations
24
Q
Exploitation competition
A
One species lowers the resources of another
25
Interference Competition
One species prevents the other from gaining access to a resource
26
Interspecific
Different species
27
Intraspecific
Within the same species
28
Sympatric
Species living in close proximity
29
Allopatric
Species live apart
30
Temporal partitioning
Organisms born at different times of year will not be in competition
31
Intraspecific competition can lead to...
less interspecific competition
32
True predators
Kill immediately, usually consume all of prey
33
Parasitism
Do not (immediately) kill preyExamples: Giardia, mistletoe
34
Herbivores
Predatory: whole plant consumedParasitic: Part of plant consumed
35
Detrivores
Eating things already dead/non-living (does not impact population sizes)
36
Extinction via predation
Lab: Predatory protist and prey protist, predatory eliminates preyIRL: Klamath weed (invasive species), introduced chrysolina beetle which eliminated weed species
37
Predators lower prey...
abundance
38
Predators can restrict prey distribution
Where prediators limit the range of prey speciesExample: megapode
39
Predator/prey cycling
showshoe hare and lynx (more lynx, less hares, next year less lynx, next year more hares, etc.)
40
Methods of predator and prey coexistance
- Refuges-Cycling-Predators at low abundance -Generalist predators
41
Prey defenses
-Crypsis-Chemical defense-Armor-Behavioral defense-Predator satiation
42
Crypsis
Cryptic coloration: camoflaugeObject mimicry: mimics something not edible
43
Chemical defense
-Toxicity: most synthesize their own poison, nudibranchs steal poison from other organisms-Aposematic coloring: bright colors to indicate poison-Batsian mimicry: bright colors, no poison -Mullerian mimicry: bright colors, poison, also looks like another poison speciesexample: viceroy and monarch
44
Armor
shells, spikes, etc. example: armadillos, porcupines clams
45
Behavioral defense
- Alarm calling- Distraction displays - Running- Herds
46
Predator satiation
Timing reproduction so all young are produced in short period of time (higher % of survival)
47
Types of hunting
- Ambush- Stalking- Pursuit
48
Coevolution
When a species evolves due to interactions with another species
49
Parasitism (+/-)
- Ectoparasites: outside organism- Endoparasites: inside organism *can have complex life cycles*
50
Mutualism (+/+)
"Cleaner" fish and "customer fish"- Trophic (food/food)- Defensive (food/defense)- Dispersive (food/dispersal)
51
Communities are formed from...
groups of species interactions
52
Diversity
The combination of speies richness and evenness
53
Species richness
of species present
54
Evenness
relative abundance of species
55
Species richness and area
One area can have more diversity or evenness than the other (even with the same # of species in each area)
56
Species richness and habitat number
Species richness increases with the area of land surveyed (more habitats, more specialized and varied species)
57
Latitudinal gradient in species diversity
Low lat- Near equatorHigh lat- Near poles
58
Hypotheses on the gradient
- Climate stability- More competition- More predation- Increased energy- Evolutionary time
59
Climate stability hypotheses
- More seasonality at higher latitude- Seasons are disturbances making it harder to survive- BUT tropics with variable rainfall have same species richness as tropics with stable rainfall
60
More competition hypothesis
- Low latitude: more resources- Tighter niche packing: smaller niches- More species, BUT they must be specialists for this to work
61
More predation hypothesis
- More species because there is more predation, which reduces competition and increases diversity (BUT very circular argument)
62
Increased energy hypothesis
*Ecological Hypothesis*- Increased productivity (more plants (because of more sun)→ more herbivores→ more predators)-Overwintering tolerance (no winter related deaths)-Ambient energy (less need for regulating body temp against extreme temps, can use extra energy to reproduce)BUT this hypothesis doesn't really answer the question at hand
63
Evolutionary time
*evolutionary hypothesis*- Species in the tropics forced to respond to climate shift and were pushed into small tropical land? (eocene-miocene climate shift (temps become closer to what they are today))- The older more basal groups = more common in the tropics and newer more derived (evolved later) = more common towards the poles.
64
Niche conservatism
Example: spruces are able to move furrther south in the past, climate changed (warmed)→ spruces rage decreased (went further up the mountains, conserved their niche) (dependent species followed)
65
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
Shift in surface temps in northern pacific (over 20-30 yrs) fluctuate between warm and cool phases (makes predicting climate more difficult)
66
Miller + Urey
Wanted to recreate atomspheric conditions when life began
67
Linnaeus
nomeclature
68
Anaximander
new species come from existing species
69
Hutton
founder of modern geology (earth is older than we think)
70
Smith
Wealth of nations, competition keeps environment healthy
71
Lamark
Giraffes
72
Malthus
Population inc. faster than food supply=competition
73
Cuvier
Catastrophism
74
Lyell
Past is key to present, small changes
75
Alfred Russel Wallace
Darwin partner
76
Mendel
Peas
77
Crick, Watson, Franklin
DNA
78
Grants
Finches
79
Precambrian
longest era
80
Paleozoic
- Trilobites- Archaeocyathids (sponges)- Carpet moss-Tiktaalik
81
Cambrian
Cambrian explosionEnds w/ permian extinction(great dying, 90% species gone)
82
Mesozoic
age of reptiles and mammals- Morganucodon wat. ends with K-T extinction (dinos)
83
Cenozoic
current era
84
Hadean
no water, air, life- stromatolites (unicell)- archea (viroids)
BIO200
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