1
Q
What kinds of ice are there?
A
Rime Ice (tiny frozen drops) Clear Ice (large drops that spread and freeze slower) Mixed Ice (rime imbedded in clear ice)
2
Q
Part 91.103?
A
Notams Weather Known ATC delays Runway lengths Alternates available Fuel requirement Takeoff and landing distances
3
Q
What is the difference between a Prognostic chart and a surface analysis chart?
A
Prognostic: a forecast
Surface analysis: current observations
4
Q
Describe our engine
A
Lycoming O360 180HP Horizontally opposed Air-cooled Naturally Aspirated Direct drive
5
Q
How long does a SIGMET last?
A
4hrs
6
Q
How long does a convective SIGMET last?
A
2hrs
7
Q
How long does an AIRMET last?
A
6hrs
8
Q
What are the types of AIRMET?
A
Zulu (icing)
Sierra (visibility)
Tango (turbulence)
9
Q
What are SIGMETs issued for?
A
- Dust/Sand storms
- Severe icing
- Severe turbulence
- Volcanic Ash
10
Q
What are Convective SIGMETs issued for?
A
- Embedded and severe thunderstorms
- Thunderstorms covering 40% of an area (3,000ft^2+)
- Tornadoes
- Line of thunderstorms — 40%
- Surface winds > 50kts
- Hale > 3/4ths of an inch
11
Q
Types of AD
A
- Standard
- Emergency
- Recurring
- One-time
12
Q
How quickly does temperature decrease with altitude?
A
2C/1000ft
3.5F/1000ft
13
Q
Types of Special-Use airspace?
A
: charted if permanent
-: never charged
Warning (non-enforced)
Alert (non-enforced)
Restricted (clearance required)
MIlitary Ops* (non-enforced, but not recommended)
Prohibited (NEVER)
Controlled firing- (non-enforced)
14
Q
How can you test a VOR receiver?
A
- VOT (+/- 4)
- Ground (sign on airport) (+/- 4)
- Air (known location on radial) (+/- 6)
- Dual (+/- 4)
15
Q
What causes temperature inversions?
A
- A cold front sweeping under warm air
- A warm front moving over cold air
- Cold ground cooling the air
16
Q
Describe our electrical system?
A
28 volt DC system, 24 volt battery, 60 amp alternator
Two electrical busses: avionics and primary
Alternator belt connects crankshaft to alternator at front
Ammeter shows battery charge or discharge
Voltage regulator controls Alternator output.
17
Q
Effects of forward CG?
A
- Slower cruise
- Less efficient cruise
- Higher stall speed
- Easier stall recovery
- More stable
18
Q
Effects of aft CG?
A
- Faster cruise speed
- More efficient cruise
- Lower stall speed
- Harder stall recovery
- Less stable
19
Q
Engine Failure Procedure:
A
Airspeed .. 65kts Full nose-up trim Landing spot (if able) Run checklist - Carb heat on - Mixture rich - Fuel selector both - Ignition both/start - Primer in and locked (if able) Declare emergency
20
Q
Engine Fire Procedure
A
100+kts and positive load Mixture off Throttle idle Fuel selector cutoff Ignition off Master off
21
Q
What effect does cold have on indicated altitude?
A
Cold air will increase the indicated altitude (compresses the pressure gradient (higher change per thousand feet)) the farther away you are from the ground.
22
Q
What effect does heat have on altitude indications?
A
Hot air will spread out the pressure gradiant (lower change with altitude), and will start to read lower than actual altitude as your AGL increases.
23
Q
What happens if you lean your engine too much?
A
Overheating
Rough running
Detonation
Damage to engine
24
Q
What happens with too rich of a mixture?
A
Higher fuel burn
Cool engine
Rough running
Spark plug fowling
25
What are indications of carburetor icing?
Drop in RPM
26
How do you lean your engine?
Lean slowly until first signs of roughness, then enrich until engine smooths out again. Slightly richer could be used for climbs.
27
What happens if you over-prime the engine, and how would you start an over-primed engine?
Weak intermittent firing, with puffs of black smoke indicates overpriming or flooding.
REFERENCE THE POH
- Mixture .. Lean
- Throttle .. Fully open
- Starter .. Crank.
28
What kind of propeller is fitted to the aircraft?
75” 2-bladed, fixed-pitch, one-piece, aluminum alloy propeller
29
What does the Ammeter indicate?
A positive indication shows that the battery is being charged by the alternator
A negative indication shows the battery is being drained (alternator failure or starting).
30
Explain the aircraft’s heating/air system
Hot air is supplied from a vent on the front of the aircraft, and then flows around the exhaust muffler shroud. It then is mixed with cold air from a ventilating air door on the front right of the aircraft and pumped into the cabin next to the pilot/copilot’s feet. The air door and hot air inlet are controlled by the cabin air control knobs.
Cold air is also supplied from intakes on the wings, with the outer ones supplying the front, and inner ones supplying the rear.
31
How does the stall horn work?
When at an excessive angle of attack (5-10kts before a stall), the speed of the air rushing over the horn creates low pressure, pulling air out of the hole, and through the stall horn.
32
What is the difference between the 100hr and the annual?
Annual is done every 12 calendar months, and requires an A&P with an IA.
100hr is done every 100 tach hours, covers the same stuff, but only requires an A&P.
33
What are the required types of maintenance?
```
Annual (12cal months)
ADs
VOR Check (30days, IFR)
100hr (100hrs, for hire)
Altimeter (24cal months)
Transponder (24cal months)
ELT (12cal months)
Static system (24cal months)
```
34
What kind of ADS-B out are our cessna’s equipped with?
1090ES + responds to Mode S interrogations
35
How would you contact an FSS en-route?
Either the universal freq. 122.2,
or a frequency listed on a VOR,
or 122.1r and recieve them over the VOR (if 122.1r is listed)
“Albuquerque Radio, Skyhawk 73938, receiving on ONM VOR.
36
Types of fog?
Fog: Temperature cooled to the dewpoint, or
dewpoint raised by increased humidity
- Radiation Fog: forms when the ground cools, during night and dawn (clear skies, no wind, and high humidity)
- Advection Fog: forms when moist air moves over cooler ground or water. Most common along the coast as moist air is blown over land, and is much more persistent than radiation fog. (requires wind)
- Steam Fog: Forms when cold, dry air moves over warm water.
- Upslope Fog: Moist, stable air moves up along terrain and cools.
- Precipitation Fog: Forms when rain falls through cool air, and the precipitation saturates the air with humidity. Is dense and long-lasting.
- Freezing Fog: Forms when tiny drops of water are supercooled in the air, and then freeze on contact with a surface or condensation nuclei.
37
```
What kind of fog is this?
Chilly mornings with calm weather and clear skys?
Thick fog inland from a coast?
Low-level fog over water?
Above and around mountains and slopes?
Thick fog while it’s raining?
Extremely cold morning with frost?
```
Chilly mornings with calm weather and clear skys?
RADIATION Fog!
Thick fog inland from a coast?
ADVECTION Fog!
Low-level fog over water?
STEAM Fog!
Above and around mountains and slopes?
UPSLOPE Fog!
Thick fog while it’s raining?
PRECIPITATION Fog!
Extremely cold morning with frost?
FREEZING Fog!
38
How do you calculate pressure altitude?
(29.92 - Altimeter Setting (from ATIS)) * 1,000) + true altitude (field elevation if on ground)
This is the difference from pressure altitude + true altitude
39
Safety Belt Regulations?
Required Crew:
- Seatbelt at all times
- Shoulder harness on during takeoff and landing
Passengers:
- Seatbelts/Harnesses on during takeoffs, landings, and surface movement
40
What kind of ailerons do we have?
Frise-type: Part of the up aileron extends below the ring, increasing drag on that wing
Differential: The up aileron deflects more than the down aileron.
These work to reduce adverse yaw.
41
What is adverse yaw?
The rising wing is generating more lift, and as a result, more induced drag.
42
What are skids and slips?
A skid is when the ball is deflected opposite of the turn, and the nose is skidding inside the turn.
A slip is when the ball is deflected towards the turn, and the nose is slipping away from the turn. (This is the tendency of adverse yaw)
43
Should you use rudder to tighten a base to final turn?
No. This can lead to a spin due to over-application of rudder. Just go around
44
When would you need a type-rating?
Any aircraft over 12,500lbs or turbojets.
45
On the sectional, how is the max elevation figure calculated?
Highest terrain/obstacle height, rounded up to hundreds, + 100.
46
What kinds of NOTAMs are there?
```
The 5 main notams:
PDFSM
Pointer: points out another notam
D: Runway/Taxiway/Obstacles
FDC: Flight Data Center: Instrument approaches and airways.
SAA: Special Use Airspace
Military
```
47
Explain detonation?
Normally, the power stage involves the smooth burn and expansion of the fuel/air mixture. When detonation occurs, the mixture explodes quickly, hammering the piston instead of steadily pushing it. This can cause roughness, vibration, or loss of power and engine damage.
Causes:
- Incorrect Fuel
- Excessive leaning
- Overheating
Fixes:
- Increase mixture
- Reduce power
- Stop climb and increase forward speed for cooling
48
Explain preignition
Preignition is the ignition of the mixture before the spark plugs fire, resulting in part of the compression stage attempting to compress expanding gas, increasing engine stress.
Significantly more damaging than detonation, but harder to notice.
Causes:
- Overheated spark plugs
- Hot spots in the cylinder
Can cause a sudden loss in power.
49
What is the cylinder attached to the nose-wheel?
Shimmy damper, which reduces the tendency of a nose wheel to shimmy back and forth. (Like on a shopping cart)
50
How often is the ELT required to be replaced or checked?
91.207
1hr of cumulative use,
less than 50% battery remaining
Inspected every 12 calendar months.
51
What is the antenna next to the ELT called on 73938?
LORAN-C Antenna, unsure of use, equipment removed.
52
What is the stick-ball on the bottom of the aircraft?
Either a transponder or DME UHF antenna.
53
What AGL are winds aloft reported for?
Above 1500’ from field.
54
What AGL are temps calculated for?
2500’ from field.
55
Your friend went diving 16hrs ago, and required a controlled ascent, can you fly?
No.
Below 8000’: 24hrs for controlled ascent, 12hrs without.
Above 8000’: 24hrs for both.
56
What is an aircraft’s service ceiling defined as?
The point where the aircraft can no longer climb at 100fpm
57
```
VSpeeds:
VS0
VS1
Vx
VG
Vy
VFE
VA
VNO
VNE
```
```
VS0: 41kias
VS1: 47kias
Vx: ~60kias (63kias @ 10,000)
VG: 65kias
Vy: ~70kias (68 @ 10,000)
VFE: 85kias
VA: 97kias (depends on weight)
VNO: 128kias
VNE: 160kias
```
58
Baggage Compartment limits?
120lbs max total
| 50lbs max behind door latch
59
Altitude for Ground Reference Manuevers?
600-1000’ AGL
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