what do metals in groups 1,2,3 form
+1, +2, +3
what do non-metals in groups 5, 6, 7 form
-3, -2, -1
what are the first four orbitals called
S, P, D, F
what are s orbitals shaped like
they are shaped like a sphere
what are p orbitals shaped like
they are shaped like a dumb-bell
how many electrons can s orbitals hold
2 electrons
how many electrons can p orbitals hold
up to 6 electrons
how many electrons can d orbitals hold
up to 10 electrons
how many electrons can f orbitals hold
up to 14 electrons
where is the S block found
the first two groups of the periodic table
where is the D block found
transition metals (between S and P) in the periodic table
where is the P block found
on the right hand side of the periodic table (3-8)
where is the F block found
bottom 2 rows of the periodic table
what is a lattice
a regular 3 diensional pattern of ions
what are positive ions
- generically formed by metal atoms losing elecrons and are found in groups 1,2 and 3
- known as cations.
- have a postive charge
what are negative ions
- formed by non metal atoms gaining electrons.
- have a negative charge
- sometimes exists as polyatomic ions (OH-, CO3 2-) (SO4 2-)
- known as anions
what are covalent bonds
covalent bonds are formed when atoms share a pair of electrons
what are metallic bonds
a strong electrostatic attraction between the positive metal and delocalised electron
what are properties of metals
- high melting and boiling point due to strong electrostatic attractions between positive and negative ions and electrons.
- conducts electricity and heat due to delocalised electrons making them free to move.
- malleability as layers of positive ions slides over each other and the delocalised electrons.
what are intermolecular forces
interactions between molecules caused by either permanent/ induced dipoles.
what are polar molecules
- they have permanent dipoles because of the dipole interaction.
- the molecules are attracted to eachother, these weak attracted forces are called permanent dipole-dipole interaction (chemical attraction)
what is a london force
- when electrons move around an atom, they cause an uneven distribution in the atom resulting in temporary dipole.
- this will result in a weak attraction.
- the more electrons, the more likely the process will occur so the stronger the London force.
Why can only O, F and N atoms form hydrogen bonds
theyre small and highly electronegative (they pull pairs of electrons towards them)
what bonds do water bonds form between each other
- they form hydrogen bonds between each other.
- hydrogen bonds have strong intermolecular forces
