1
Q
What is formic acid?
A
Carboxylic acid with a hydrogen and hydroxyl attached to the carbonyl carbon
2
Q
What is Acetic acid?
A
Methyl group and hydroxyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon
3
Q
What is propionic acid?
A
Ethyl group and hydroxyl group attached to carbonyl carbon
4
Q
O3 will create what to an “-ene” ?
A
Two carboxylic acids
5
Q
How is an amide formed?
A
COOH + R-NH2 -> RCOONHR
6
Q
What would you get when you have: RCOOH + ROH -> ?
A
RCOOR Ester
7
Q
What does “oate” be used for in a name?
A
Either for ester “methyl propanoate” Or for carboxylic salt “sodium-propanoate”
8
Q
What carbon does the decarboxylation like to happen with
A
A beta carbon with a ketone of a carboxylic acid chain.
9
Q
Lactams are cyclic ______
A
amides
10
Q
Lactones are cyclic _____?
A
esters
11
Q
What is definition of a real image?
A
Light rays converge at position of image
12
Q
Concave mirrors are ?
A
converging
13
Q
Convex mirros are ?
A
diverging mirrors
14
Q
focal length = ?
A
r/2
15
Q
1/f = ? = ?
A
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r
16
Q
In mirrors if i > 0, if i
A
real image virtual image
17
Q
magnification formula
A
m = -i / o
18
Q
When m > 0 =?
A
upright
19
Q
m | > 1 =?
A
enlarged
20
Q
|i|>|o| in spherical mirrors = ?
A
enlarged image
21
Q
An image on the same side as the object is positive/negative?
A
positive
22
Q
Where is the focal point of a convex mirror?
A
on the other side of the mirror.
23
Q
A convex mirror will ALWAYS produce?
A
Virtual, upright, reduced image
24
Q
IR and UV on mirrors?
A
Inverse = real Upright = Virtual
25
Index of refraction
n = c/v c= speed of light in vacuum v = speed of light in medium
26
When light goes from a slower media to a faster media, what is the refraction?
Bends away from the normal
27
Lens' have ____ focal points?
2
28
What is ortho meta para?
Positions on a benzene right, related to how far away they are from one constituent. Ortho 1 spot away meta 2 spots away para 3 spots away
29
Williamson reaction is for?
ethers
30
Hoffmans elimation is doing what?
taking out a carbon group
31
What phases is the speed of sound fastest in?
Solid \> liquid \> gases
32
What is sodium 2-chlorobutanoate?
Sodium in place of H on carboxylic acid "oate" is replaces the "oic"
33
What does An Ox - a Red fat Cat gain mass
Anodes oxidize Cations Reduce and are fat because they get the electrons Cations also gain mass when they are coated
34
What does IR best in determining?
functional groups
35
In what test does the HOMO go to the LUMO?
UV radiation Highest occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied.
36
C=O IR spectrum?
1750 sharp
37
OH IR spectrum?
broad at 3300
38
N-H has an IR spectrum of ?
3300 sharp
39
In a COOH what will the OH attached to it be? (IR spectroscopy)
3000
40
What reactions occur in electrochemical cells?
ox-red
41
What is the electrodes in electrochemical cell mnemonic?
AN OX and a fat RED CAT gains mass Anodes are oxidizing, lose electrons Cathodes are reducers, gain electrons and gain mass when they plate a metal
42
Current runs from the ? Electrons run from the ?
I = cathode to anode e- = anode to cathode
43
Which electrochemical cells are always spontaneous?
Galvanic or voltaic cells
44
What is the purpose of the salt bridge?
exchange anions and cations to balance newly generated charges
45
What do galvanic or non-chargeable batteries have a short lifespan?
Because the flow depletes the salt bridge
46
Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || Cu2+ (1 M) | Cu (s) is what?
the short of the electrochemical cells Zn = anode Cu2+ = cathode
47
Electrolytic cells have what kind of G?
+G non spontaneous
48
What equation do you use when you want to know the moles of element deposited on a plate?
mol M = It / nF Metal ion being deposited at aspecific electrode I = current t = time n = # of electron equivalents for a specific metal ion.
49
What is an example of a concentration electrochemical cell?
a neuron
50
What two things are rechargeable batteries made of?
two half-cells conductive material
51
a positive reduction potential means what?
Greater tendency to be reduced
52
in electrochemical cells what else is the emf called?
E⁰cell
53
the emf or E⁰cell have an _______ sign to ΔG?
opposite -emf = +ΔG
54
Given the E⁰reducing of the cathode and anode, find the E⁰cell
E⁰cell = E⁰red,cath - E⁰red,anode
55
What equation relate ΔG and E⁰cell?
ΔG⁰ = -nFE⁰cell n = number of moles of electrons F = faradays constant E⁰cell = standard emf of cell
56
When measuring the E⁰cell in nonstandard conditions, what equation is used?
Ecell = E⁰cell - RT/nF (lnQ) Q = reaction quotient
57
Simplified E⁰cell in nonstandard conditions equation
Ecell = E⁰cell - (0.0592/n) logQ
58
IR spectroscopy measure the molecular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
vibrations
59
UV spectroscopy: the more conjugated the compound the ______ the energy and the _________ the wavelength of maximum absorbance
lower greater
60
NMR measures the magnetic \_\_\_\_\_?
moments
61
What is the reference peak in NMR?
TMS
62
In H-NMR the further left you go, the ?
further downfield and deshielded you become
63
Splitting follows what rule?
N+1 N = protons
64
Aromatics are where on the H-NMR
6-8.5
65
Aldehydes are where on the H-NMR?
9-10
66
COOH is where on the H-NMR?
10.5 - 12
67
Alkynes are where on the H-NMR?
2-3ppm
68
Alkenes are where on the H-NMR?
4.6-6ppm
69
What is the filtrate in filtration?
what passes through the filter
70
In distillation the will the high or low boiling points vaporize first?
Low BP will vaporize first
71
The end product of distillation is called the ?
distillate
72
When would you use vacuum distillation?
When the BP is over 150 C
73
What would you use fractional distillation? (with the weird jagged tube)
When the BP are similar Within 25 C
74
In chromatography what is the stationary phase or adsorbent?
the solid medium
75
In chromatography what is the mobile phase?
liquid
76
What is the retardation factor fomula?
used for TLC (chromatography) Rf = distance spot moved / distance solvent front moved
77
Proteins or nucleic acids can be separated by ?
column chromatography
78
What happens in size-exclusion chromatography?
Tiny pore slow down tin molecules
79
How does affinity chromatography work?
by having a column that has a high affinity for a protein slow the protein, then you can wash the protein out
80
What would make something volatile?
low MP sublimible solid vaporizable liquids
81
What is the eluent in gas chromatography?
gas
82
What does HPLC stand for?
high-performance liquid chromatography
83
What is the eluent in HPLC?
liquid
84
What is the spectrum of visible light?
700 nm--ROYGBIV--400 nm
85
Frequency of wavelength of light c =
c = λf λ is in meters (wavelength distance f is frequency 1/s c = speed of light 3 x 10^8 m/s
86
If you wanted to extract an acid, what would you need to add ?
A base
Like NaOH
87
Whats an amide look like?
88
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