Child development

Question 1

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

Answer 1

1. First year= Trust vs mistrust
2. Second year= Autonomy vs doubt
   Sense of self->ability to control bodily functions
   Explore and brief separation
3. Three-Five years= Initiative vs guilt
   Relationship with same sex parent
   Fantasy
4. Six years-puberty = Industry vs inferiority
   Learning and doing
   Parents not longer the only authority
5. Adolescence= Identity vs role confusion
6. Early adulthood= Intimacy vs isolation
   Mature individuals chose the vulnerability of intimacy over the loneliness of isolation
7. Middle adulthood= Generativity vs self absorption
8. Ageing years= Integrity vs despair.

Question 2

Attachment types

Answer 2

1. Secure
Sad when leave, happy when return
Enduring capacity to regulate, generate and maintain states of emotional security
2. Anxious-ambivalent
Sad when leave, not sure if can trust when return
3.  Avoidant
Not to worried, avoid parent when return
4. Disorganised
Mother with drawn
Child difficult when return

Question 3

Jean Piaget cognitive development stages

Answer 3

1. Sensorimotor 0-2 years
Rudimentary thinking, object permenance 7-9 months
Deferred imitation
2. Preoperational 2-6/7
Maths
In early stage X master concept of conservation
Lack theory of mind
Egocentric
3. Concrete operational 7-11
Concept of conservation
Reasoning logical
Flexible
Symbolic thought
4. Formal operational 11 +
Abstracts
Hypothetical
Not always reached

Question 4

Developmental tasks of adolescence

Answer 4

1. Cognitive maturity
2. Negotiate school
3. Leisure, care for self
4. Emotional maturity
5. Boundaries, peers
6. Independant
7. Identity
8. Life schemas, sense of the future
9. Physical changes

Question 5

What is id, ego and superego

Answer 5

1. Id is our nervous system, our underlying drives and instincts->Anxiety when overwhelmed
2. Ego is reality through consciousness
   Searches for objects to meet needs of Id
3. Superego represents society, reality, morality->communicates with ego to = pride, shame, guilt

Question 6

Freudian stages

Answer 6

1. Oral: birth-18 months
2. Anal: ->3 years
3. Phallic: 3-6 years
4. Latency: 6-13
5. Genital: 13+

Question 7

Importance of attachment

Answer 7

1. Hard wired for relationships
2. Safety
3. Security
4. Learning how those around us will react
5. Sharing positive emotional states with caregivers promotes brain growth

Question 8

Hierachical development of brain

Answer 8

1. Existence at brainstem->safety
2. Arousal at diencephalon->movement
3. Attachment at limbic->emotional engagement
   Sexual
   Emotional reactivity
   Motor regulation
4. Abstract thought at neocortex->learning

Question 9

Components of the limbic system

Answer 9

1. Amygdala
Friendship
Love
Affection
Fear, rage, aggression
2. Hippocampus
Memory
3. Thalamus
4. Hypothalamus
Expression of emotions (sympathetic)
5. Brainstem
EMotional reflex reactions

Question 10

Managing behaviour

Answer 10

1. Stepping aside from confrontation
2. Structure and supervision
3. Playfulness, acceptance, curiosity, empathy
4. Helping children enjoy

Question 11

When does self regulation occur and why

Answer 11

1. Occurs 12-18 months
   Aware of social demands
   Can change behaviour when parent asks
   Need adult nearby
2. At 24 months->children develop self control, can follow parents wishes when they’re not around
3. At 36 months->can internalise parent guidance, act in a way they think their parent would want them to

Question 12

Emotion regulation areas of brain responsible

Answer 12

1. Orbital PFC
2. VM PFC
3. DL PFC
4. Amygdala
5. Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 13

Function of PFC

Answer 13

1. Social learning and relationships
2. Emotional regulation
3. Recognise and translate facial expression
4. Empathy
5. Inhibits behaviour
6. Binding and attachment
7. Personality and sense of identity

Question 14

Impact areas of Trauma, abuse, neglect

Answer 14

1. Attachment
2. Biology
3. Affect regulation
4. Dissociation
5. Behaviour control
6. Cognition
7. Self-concept

Question 15

Empathy

Answer 15

1. Emotional empathy->feeling

2. Cognitive empathy->understanding->theory of mind

Question 16

Kohlbergs model of moral development

Answer 16

Level 1 Up to 10yo->Preconventional

1. Obedience and punishment orientation
2. Individualism and exchange->conformity to obtain rewards

Level 11 10-13->Conventional

3. Good interpersonal relationships. conform to avoid disapproval of others
4. Maintaining social order, laws obeyed, authority respected

Level 111 13->Adult, post-conventional

5. Social contract and individual rights->start to recognise viewpoints of others
6. Universal principles->justice