Child development: implications to occupational practice

Question 1

define child development

Answer 1

refers to the process through which human beings typically grow and mature, including physical, cognitive and psycho-social changes that occur from birth to adulthood.

Question 2

describe growth as it applies to child development.

Answer 2

growth is the change of shape, form, structure and size of the body and is part of development; however it stops at maturation (end of puberty).

Question 3

What is development?

Answer 3

Development is a wider, more comprehensive term, referring to overall changes in the individual.. (growth is an aspect of development).

Question 4

Growth and development are products of what?

Answer 4

heredity and environment.

Question 5

What was Gesell’s maturational theory?

Answer 5

realized the importance of both nature and nurture, but believed that development was mostly biological (heredity), not environmental.

Question 6

What is a developmental milestone?

Answer 6

a set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do by a specific age

Question 7

What are the 5 major developmental domains of childhood?

Answer 7

cognitive, social/emotional, speech/language, self-help, motor (gross and fine)

Question 8

define the cognitive domain of childhood development

Answer 8

• this is where children make sense of the world with their senses
• they develop thinking skills: learning, understanding, problem solving, reasoning and remembering

eg. a 3 month old learns to explore his environment with eyes and hands and a 4 year old begins to learn her abcs

Question 9

who was Jean Piaget and what did he create?

Answer 9

responsible for our understanding of cognitive development theory

Question 10

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 10

1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years): knowledge of the world is limited to sensory perceptions and motor activities; behaviours are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.
2. Preoperational Stage (2-6 years): child learns to use language; does not understand logic or another’s pov; cannot mentally manipulate info.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-12): abstract concepts are still difficult but child begins to think logically about concrete events; ex: child can manipulate numbers but not do algebra
4. Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood): skills include logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning emerge.

Question 11

What is the difference between speech and language?

Answer 11

speech= the motor ability to talk 
language= a rule guided way we communicate

Question 12

What are the two subcategories of language?

Answer 12

Receptive language, expressive language

you can have both, none, one or the other

Question 13

What is receptive language?

Answer 13

the ability to understand spoken language and follow directions.

Question 14

What is expressive language?

Answer 14

the ability to communicate varbally, with written words, or with an alternative communication system.

Question 15

define the social-emotional domain of development

Answer 15

• interaction with others, having relationships with family, friends and teachers, cooperating and responding to feelings of others,
• how they interact with others, including helping themselves and demonstrating self control
• making friends, showing anger, figuring out conflicts, taking care of someone who is hurt, waiting patiently, following rules, enjoying company

more obvious when kids are lacking or without these skills

Question 16

What are Erickson’s 5 stages of social-emotional development? What is the principle of this theory

Answer 16

Principle: there is a conflict at every stage that needs to be resolved before we move on to the next stage; complexity increases with age.

1. infancy (birth-18 months)
2. early childhood (2-3 years)
3. preschool (3–5)
4. school age (6-11)
5. Adolescence (12-18)

Question 17

what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 1: Infancy?

Answer 17

a. trust vs mistrust
b. feeding

children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Question 18

what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 2: Early childhood

Answer 18

a. Autonomy (wants to show independence) vs shame and doubt (which has a negative impact on identity).
b. toilet training

children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Question 19

what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 3: preschool

Answer 19

a. initiative vs guilt
b. exploration

children need to begin to assert control and power over their environment. Success = sense of purpose. If children receive disapproval at this stage= sense of guilt.

Question 20

what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 4: school age

Answer 20

a. industry (productivity) vs. inferiority
b. school

need is to cope with new social and academic demands. Success= a sense of competence, failure= feelings of inferiority.

Question 21

what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 5: adolescence

Answer 21

a. identity vs role confusion
b. social relationships (what our friends think is more important than anything; we thrive when allowed to assert independance)

teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. success= an ability to stay true to yourself; failure= role confusion and a weak sense of self

Question 22

What theory did John Bowlby create?

Answer 22

attachment theory

Question 23

What does attachment theory suggest?

Answer 23

• children are born with an innate need to form attachments
• crying, cooing, babbling and smiling are done to capture the attention of adults, adults are biologically programmed to respond to infant signals
• ## early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life

Question 24

What are the 4 phases of attachment?

Answer 24

1. Birth-6 weeks: pre attachment (not quite yet ready to attach)
2. 6 wks- 6-8 mnths: Attachment in the making
3. 6-8mnths- 2 yrs: Clear cut- wants a secure attachment at this phase
4. 18-24 months and on- Formation of Reciprocal Reltionships: give and take, playful games at this stage.

Question 25

What is the self help domain of development? examples?

Answer 25

basic skills needed to take care of one's own needs; some overlap with social-emotional development and fine motor domain. ex: birth-6 months, comforting self with thumb or soother; 2/5 years- washes and dries hands, etc.

Question 26

What is gross motor development?

Answer 26

using large muscle groups to sit, stand, walk and run, maintain balance and change position

Question 27

when is the rolling from front to back (prone to supine) milestone?

Answer 27

5-8 months

Question 28

when is the rolling back to front (supine to prone) milestone?

Answer 28

6-7 months

Question 29

when do infants begin to sit independently in a tripod position?

Answer 29

5 months

Question 30

when can they start to sit for extended periods of time hands free (still can't turn to the side without losing balance)

Answer 30

6 months

Question 31

when do they have enough trunk and hip control to turn and reach while sitting?

Answer 31

7 months

Question 32

when do babies start crawling?

Answer 32

7-10 months

Question 33

true or false, some babies never crawl and that is okay

Answer 33

true

Question 34

when do first steps usually occur?

Answer 34

10-18 month; average is around 1st birthday

Question 35

describe the difference between immature walking, elementary stage of walking and mature walking

Answer 35

immature walking: short steps, wide base of support, unpredictable balance, flat feet, high guard arms elementary stage of walking: increased step length, arms down to side but limited swing, heel toe contact mature walking: arm swing, narrow BOS, well-defined heel-toe contact

Question 36

What is fine motor development?

Answer 36

childs ability to use small muscles (hands and fingers) to pick up small objects, hold a spoon, turn pages in a book or use a crayon to draw - reaching, grasping, manipulating objects and using different tools like crayons and scissors

Question 37

what is ULNAR-RADIAl progression?

Answer 37

it refers to the progression of grip in childhood development: ulnar-palmar grasp, radial-palmar grasp, radial-digital grasp, inferior pincer grasp, fine pincer grasp ** 6-12 months

Question 38

what age is crude palmar grasp at?

Answer 38

4-5 months

Question 39

what age is palmar grasp at?

Answer 39

5-6 months

Question 40

what age is radial palmer grasp at?

Answer 40

6-7 months

Question 41

what age is inferior pincer grasp at?

Answer 41

8-9 months | *pu cheerios, fishy crackers, etc*

Question 42

what age is pincer grasp at?

Answer 42

10-12 months

Question 43

What age does Cylindrical pencil grasp occur? (colouring with whole arm)

Answer 43

1-1.5 years

Question 44

What age does digital pencil grasp occur?

Answer 44

2-3 years

Question 45

What age does Modified tripod pencil grasp occur at?

Answer 45

3.5-4 years

Question 46

what age does tripod pencil grasp occur?

Answer 46

4.5-7 years

Question 47

what are the three primary theories of motor development?

Answer 47

- Neuromaturational/Hierarchical Theory - Behavioural Theory - Dynamic Systems Theory

Question 48

Describe neuromaturational/hierarchical theory:

Answer 48

- Changes in motor development are due to changes in the CNS - does not consider environment, all changes in movement are prescribed by the NS - we move from uncontrolled reflexes to volitional/controlled movement - the brain is the site of developmental control and the we only develop as our CNS matures

Question 49

at what age does the 'moro' or startle reflex develop?

Answer 49

birth-3 months

Question 50

at what age does the 'placing' or place foot on table reflex develop?

Answer 50

birth-6 weeks

Question 51

at what age does the 'stepping' or weight-bear on ground= step reflex develop?

Answer 51

birth-6 weeks

Question 52

at what age does the rooting reflex develop? bb turns toward cheek rubbed

Answer 52

birth-4 months

Question 53

at what age does the palmar grasp reflex develop?

Answer 53

birth-3 months

Question 54

at what age does plantar grasp reflex develop?

Answer 54

birth-10 months

Question 55

at what age does asymmetrical tonic neck reflex develop? (also what is it?)

Answer 55

2-6 months fencing posture- arm ext/flex w neck rotation

Question 56

at what age does parachute reflex devleop?

Answer 56

9 months to adulthood * turn upside down, arms reach out as a protective mechanism

Question 57

should reflexes continue past 'normal' development?

Answer 57

no, they should integrate otherwise they may inhibit occupational function.

Question 58

What is behavioural theory?

Answer 58

- thinks that the environment is the most important component of motor and cognitive development : - the environment is the site of developmental control - developmental progress occurs through pavlovian responses to previous stimuli or on contingent learning with reinforcement from the environment

Question 59

what is dynamic systems theory?

Answer 59

- nature and nurture: motor development results from an interaction subsystems within the person, task and environment. - neural maturation is just one element within motor development - biomech, sensory, psycho-social environments are also important components

Question 60

What is an example of dynamic systems theory in action?

Answer 60

Back to sleep, tummy to play: - babies need tummy time for development but it is risky to leave them on their tummies at night; so babies need to sleep on their backs and be on their tummies while under observation

Question 61

What are the 3 principles of motor development?

Answer 61

1. head to toe development: we get control of the head, then UE, then LE 2. proximal-distal develoment: we get control of the trunk before the arms or legs. 3. general to specific development

Question 62

Why is it important for us to know the developmental motor milestones?

Answer 62

- motor delays in the 1st year may indicate global developmental delay - MD in childhood may indicate undiagnosed developmental disability or disease

Question 63

What are the functional implications of persistant asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Answer 63

unable to bring arms to midline

Question 64

what childhood occupations may be affected by delayed cognitive development

Answer 64

playing, understanding rules, academics, etc.

Question 65

how might delayed MD interfere with function at school

Answer 65

writing, arts and crafts, playing at recess, PE/GYM, etc

Question 66

Why is it important for us to know the developmental affective milestones?

Answer 66

- affective delays during early years may be tied to cognitive or social-emotional delays

Question 67

Why is it important for us to know the developmental language milestones?

Answer 67

- receptive language delays may be indicative of cognitive delays but are easier to observe/measure