What is Cognition?
Cognitive development basically means intellectual growth
What are Cognitive processes?
Cognitive processes are those by which we get to know ourselves and our world
What are some examples of Cognitive processes?
- Memory
- Learning
- Attention
- Perception
- Thought
- Problem Solving
Who was the Father of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
What did Jean Piaget propose in terms of cognitive development?
- By observing children he proposed a sequence of development that all normal children follow i.e. children around the same age seemed capable and struggled with the same things
- This lead to him defining four ‘stages’ of cognitive development
What are the names of the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget in order?
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operations Stage
- Formal Operations Stage
When is roughly the Sensorimotor Stage?
From birth to 2 years
What is the basic idea of the Sensorimotor Stage?
- Piaget thought children came into the world with blank slates (no knowledge)
- He thought any cognition was closely tied to external stimulation (what others were doing in front of the child)
- “Thinking is doing” (cognition consists entirely of behaviour)
What are the names of the three things children had to do in the sensorimotor stage in order to move onto the preoperational stage?
- Object permanence
- Schema Formation
- Representational Thought
What is object permanence?
The idea that objects do not cease to exist when they
are out of sight
How does the idea of object permanence develop throughout the sensorimotor stage?
-Birth to 3 months: Look at visual stimuli, Turn head towards noise.
-3 months: Follow moving objects with eyes (tracking),
Stares at place where object has disappeared, but will not search for object
- 5 months: Grasp and manipulate objects, Anticipate future position of object
- 8 months: Searches for hidden object, “A not B” effect
- 12 months: Will search in the last place they saw the object (full object permanence)
In regards to object permanence at 8 months the A not B effect is seen (sensorimotor stage) what does this mean?
Children make an error in searching as they search for the object in last place they found it not saw it
What is a schema?
A schema is a mental representation or set of rules that
defines a particular behaviour category. It helps us to understand current and future experiences.
In other words a blueprint of what generally happens
Name the two processes by which we form schemas?
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
What is assimilation?
The process by which new information is modified to fit in with an existing schema
e.g. a rabbit is wrongly classed as a dog as the child only has a picture of a dog and cat in their schema for animals
What is accommodation?
The process by which an existing schema is modified
or changed by new experience
What is representational thought?
Ability to form mental representations of others’
behaviour (conjure up an image in your head)
When in the sensorimotor period does representational thought occur?
Towards the end
Where is mental representation instrumental?
- Imitation
- Deferred imitation : a child’s ability to imitate the actions he or she has observed others perform in the past
- Symbolic play
- The use of words to represent objects
What is symbolic play?
The use of something to represent something else e.g. a broom to represent a horse
What happens when children start to use words to represent objects?
Explosion of vocab they understand the symbolic nature of language
When does the Preoperational Stage of development occur?
2 to 7 years
What does the Preoperational Stage of development involve?
- Ability to think logically as well as symbolically (use reasoning, although sometimes not well thought out)
- Rapid development of language ability
- Counting (classification and categorization)
In regards to object manipulation what are two things that children in the preoperational stage cannot do?
- Conservation
- They are egocentric
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Challenge8
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Child Development Prereading47
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Child Development L118
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Child Development L234
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Child Development L328
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Child Development L427
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Child Development L520
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Child Development L617
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Child Development L715
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Child Development L99
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Social Psychology Pre-reading110
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Social Psychology L114
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Social Psychology L228
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Social Psychology L315
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Social Psychology L416
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Social Psychology L521
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Social Psychology L615
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Social Psychology L727
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Social Psychology L826
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Social Psychology L913
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Abnormal Psychology L123
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Abnormal Psychology L220
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Abnormal Psychology L323
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Abnormal Psychology L423
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Abnormal Psychology L519
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Abnormal Psychology L616
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Abnormal Psychology L726
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Abnormal Psychology L822
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Abnormal Psychology L927
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Health Psychology L116
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Health Psychology L213
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Health Psychology L310
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Health Psychology L410
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Health Psychology L59
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Health Psychology L69
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Health Psychology L75
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Health Psychology L85
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Psychopathology Lec 16
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Psychopathology Lec 21
